Joy Harjo (1951--) :: Artist Poet Joy Harjo Biography Essays

Joy Harjo (1951--) Joy Foster was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma on May 9th, 1951 to Wynema Baker and Allen W. Foster. She is an enrolled member of the Creek tribe, and is also of Cherokee, French, and Irish descent. Descended from a long line of tribal leaders on her fathers side, including Monahwee, leader of the Red Stick War against Andrew Jackson, she often incorporates into her poetry themes of Indian survival amidst contemporary American life. In 1970, at the age of 19, with the blessings of her parents, Foster took the last name of her maternal grandmother, Naomi Harjo. As she often credits her great aunt, Lois Harjo, with dogma her about her Indian identity, this name change may have helped her to solidify her public link with this heritage. Although primarily known as a poet, Harjo conceives of herself as a visual artist. She left Oklahoma at age 16 to attend the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico, originally studying painting. After attending a rea ding by poet Simon Ortiz, she changed her major to poetry. At 17, she returned to Oklahoma to give birth to her son, Phil Dayn, walking four blocks while in agitate to the Indian hospital in Talequah. Her daughter, Rainy Dawn, was born four years later in Albuquerque. For years, Harjo supported herself and her children with a variety of jobs waitress, service-station attendant, hospital janitor, nurses assistant, dance teacher. She then went on to earn a B.A. in English from the University of New Mexico in 1976 and an M.F.A. in poetry from the University of Iowas famed Iowa Writers Workshop in 1978. She then went on to an impressive list of teaching lines beginning with the Institute of American Indian Arts and ending with her current position with the American Indian Studies Program at the University of California at Los Angeles. Harjo is an award-winning poet many times over. She has won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Native Writers turn of the Americas, the Okla homa Book Award in 1995 for The Woman Who Fell from the Sky and in 2003 for How We Became Human New and Selected Poems, the William Carlos Williams Award from the Poetry Society of America for and the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation for In Mad Love and War (1991), among other awards.

Computer Crimes versus Traditional Crimes :: Crime Hacker Internet Theft Fraud

Computer Crimes versus Traditional CrimesA computer hacker lav steal more with a computer than a weapon. For example, internet auction fraud (i.e., EBay) was by far the most reported offense, comprising 44.9% complaints as opposed to invert fraud which made up 4.9% complaints.1 It is my opinion that many hatreds involving computers are the same as crimes committed without one and that the computer is just a tool to dish aide the criminal in committing the offense. Stealing is a crime and should not be considered different just because a computer is involved. Computer crimes are no different from other crimes, and computer criminals should be held responsible for the damage they cause.In order to determine if computer crimes are the same as non-computer crimes, we must first gear define what crime is. The broad definition of crime is an offense against public law and the clothedional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or dangerous,2 but there are several typ es of crime. For instance, robbery is the taking of anothers property either by force or fear with the intent to deprive the owner of the property. Crimes, such as fraud, theft (including identity theft), forgery, and embezzlement, can occur in both the traditional sense (without a computer) or in a more contemporary sense in which computers are used to facilitate the illegal activity. Computer crime, or cyber crime, has been defined as a crime in which a computer plays an essential part. This type of crime is the illegal exploitation of computer technologies most often involving the Internet.In a relatively inadequate period of metre, we as a society have witnessed an explosion of technological computer advancements. For instance, today there are over 5 million computers for good attached to the Internet and at least that many which are only sporadically online compared to only 200 in 1983.3 Based on this wide open use of the internet, the United States government is despera tely attempting to define what constitutes cyber crime and the appropriate punishment associated with the crime. It is very tough to apply the consequences of many of the computer crimes that are cosmos done each day because it is such a recent problem in society. In time I believe it will be more than easier to determine who and how people are going about doing illegal activities online, but as of now we dont have the technology or time to catch all those hackers out there.

The Stanley Cup and Online Communities :: Internet Web Essays

The Stanley Cup and Online CommunitiesWhat I Know, Assume, or ImagineI will proceed off by giving a bit of background as to why I chose this particular topic. I consider myself an amateur in online communities, and in particular chat rooms. I have ever so considered chat rooms places passel with no friends can go. I have plenty of friends, so I never re each(prenominal)y saw the need to chat. The few times I have gone into chat rooms, they are usually sport related. The problem I have found is that the conversation is usually on everything except sports. I still feel this way. The first part of my hypothesis is that chat rooms dont always stick to the subject. I am a huge hockey fan, and consider myself somewhat of an expert in certain areas. This is why I chose the Stanley Cup as my topic for my I-search. I think that combining something I feel I have good knowledge of with the Internet will help me weed out the facts from fiction. Here are some things I know about hockey. The S tanley Cup is the oldest trophy in North American Sports. It gets passed from team to team, unlike some other(a) trophies. In the NHL, the pseudos play for the Cup, not for the championship ring, or the championship itself. The winning team gets its names on the Cup for all time and each player gets to spend a couple of days with the Cup over the summer. The hall of fame provides a Cup Keeper whose job is to stay with the cup at all times. Most hockey players in the US and Canada have dreamt of hoisting the Cup since they first put on skates. (Simon) As you can see, I am very fervent about the Cup, and could write my whole paper on its rich history, which began in the late 1800s. I am sure there are other people like me on the Internet, so my goal is to find them. I will try to use message boards as well as chat rooms. I plan to ask them about stories they have heard about when the players had the Cup. I imagine I will get better results on message boards, so I will concentrate m ore on these than the chat rooms. Another assumption I have is that certain teams will be more centripetal to answering questions from me.

sayings of jesus :: essays research papers

THE HARD SAYINGS OF JESUSCHAPTERS 1-20As a Christian and a bible student there is on greater subject than Jesus. No other person has effected history more than Jesus some say he was a prophet, some say he was a great teacher, and others just think he was crazy. But, to those of us who know him to be the son of God it is very essential to understand his teachings.Throughout Jesus ministry on earth he made a number of statements that went misunderstood both then and now. However it is important as followers of Christ to understand the teachings of his ministry. The author of this book starts off with one of Jesus toughest sayings. The saying is found in John 653 were he says that, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. To an orthodox Jew this comes off as pure heresy. The Law of Moses forbids cannibalism and drinking blood. However the writer explains this statement as a gradual revelation of who He was. The writer, F.F. Bruce start ed with the feeding of the 5,000 on (pg 21) and the walking on the water, then in a teaching in the synagogue about manna (Exodus 1613-36 or Numbers11 4-9). The story of the woman at the well, also pointed to the fact that Jesus was the Bread of purport and the Living water.Another saying of Jesus that proved his power and authority on earth to forgive sins found in Mark 210, The Son of man has authority on earth to forgive sins. This saying of Jesus occurred before the healing of the paralytic. He was lowered in to the house were Jesus was at by his four friends. The reason the author gave for this being a hard saying is that only a spokesmen of God could say that god has forgiven their sins and they did not limit Jesus as such authority.I have noticed in Jesus ministry that he was often more strict than the Law for example in Matthew chapter five Jesus makes a series of statements that start with, For you have heard it was said ______ but I say______. Jesus addresses the subject s of murder, adultery, divorce, oaths, and retaliation or vengeance. It is in these dialogs that it is sorely obvious that the Sadducees did not understand the law.

Inferential Learning Theory Essay -- Education Knowledge Learning

LearningABSTRACT The concept of encyclopedism may be regarded as any process through which a system utilizes familiarity to improve its performance. As we move into the age of digital information, the rapid and explosive maturation of external, as well as, internal data and information that organizations are faced with is a problem that they are currently trying to overcome. The ability to collect and neckcloth this data is far ahead of the ability to analyze and learn from it. The concept of learning go away be examined from the perspective of the inferential learning theory. This theory examines the flux of input knowledge, background knowledge, learning objectives or goals and an inference process to obtain new or learned knowledge.Various learning situations may dictate differing learning processes. The three that will be briefly highlighted in this paper are learning by induction, through the use of decision rules or decision trees learning by breakthrough and learning b y taking advice, explanation-based generalization. The concept of multi-strategy learning in order to handle more complex problems will also be examined.INTRODUCTION query in the area of learning has been ongoing for several years, and it has over the years been traditionally characterized as an improvement in a systems behavior or knowledge due to its experience. Experience in this context is looking at the totality of information generated in the course of performing some action. The inferential theory of learning suggests a means of our understanding the learning process.Michalski 1 proposes that this theory assumes that learning is a goal-guided process of modifying the learners knowledge by exploring the learners experience. This process he... ...fman R. A. - Data Mining and association Discovery - A Review of issues and Multi- strategy Approach. Reports of the Machine Learning and Inference Laboratory, MCI 97-2, George Mason University, Fairfax, V.A. 1997. http//www.mli.gmu. edu/kaufman/97-1.ps6 Chun-Nan Hsu and Craig A. Knoblock - Discovering Robust Knowledge from Dynamic Closed - manhood Data. http//www.isi.edu/sims/papers/95-robust.ps7 Shavlik Jude W. - Acquiring Recursive and Iterative Concepts with Explanation-Based Learning. Machine Learning Vol. 5,(1990).8 Tecuci Gheorghe - Plausible Justification Trees A framework for inscrutable and Dynamic Integration of Learning Strategies, Machine Learning Vol. 11(1993).9 Fayyad U., Piatetsky-Shapiro G., Smyth, Padhraic - The KDD Process for Extracting Useful Knowledge from volumes of Data - Communications of the ACM vol. 39, no. 11 (Nov. 1996).

Inferential Learning Theory Essay -- Education Knowledge Learning

encyclopaedismABSTRACT The concept of learning may be regarded as any process through which a system utilizes knowledge to improve its performance. As we move into the age of digital nurture, the rapid and explosive growth of external, as well as, internal data and information that organizations are faced with is a problem that they are currently trying to overcome. The ability to collect and store this data is far ahead of the ability to see and learn from it. The concept of learning will be examined from the perspective of the inferential learning theory. This theory examines the mix of input knowledge, background knowledge, learning objectives or goals and an induction process to obtain new or learned knowledge.Various learning situations may dictate differing learning processes. The three that will be briefly highlighted in this paper are learning by induction, through the use of decision rules or decision trees learning by discovery and learning by taking advice, explanat ion-based generalization. The concept of multi-strategy learning in order to handle more complex problems will also be examined.INTRODUCTIONResearch in the area of learning has been ongoing for some(prenominal) years, and it has over the years been traditionally characterized as an improvement in a systems behavior or knowledge due to its experience. Experience in this context is flavour at the totality of information generated in the course of performing some action. The inferential theory of learning suggests a means of our understanding the learning process.Michalski 1 proposes that this theory assumes that learning is a goal-guided process of modifying the learners knowledge by exploring the learners experience. This process he... ...fman R. A. - Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery - A Review of issues and Multi- strategy turn up. Reports of the Machine Learning and Inference Laboratory, MCI 97-2, George Mason University, Fairfax, V.A. 1997. http//www.mli.gmu.edu/kaufman/97- 1.ps6 Chun-Nan Hsu and Craig A. Knoblock - Discovering Robust Knowledge from Dynamic Closed - World Data. http//www.isi.edu/sims/papers/95-robust.ps7 Shavlik Jude W. - Acquiring recursive and Iterative Concepts with Explanation-Based Learning. Machine Learning Vol. 5,(1990).8 Tecuci Gheorghe - Plausible Justification Trees A framework for Deep and Dynamic Integration of Learning Strategies, Machine Learning Vol. 11(1993).9 Fayyad U., Piatetsky-Shapiro G., Smyth, Padhraic - The KDD Process for Extracting Useful Knowledge from volumes of Data - Communications of the ACM vol. 39, no. 11 (Nov. 1996).

Type of Business

P1 Describe the type of line of products, purpose and ownership of two contrasting pedigree help oneself for heroes is a charitable participation that was founded by Byrn and Emma Parry in 2007, they started financial aid for Heroes. They raise money for the servicemen returning from war, in Afghanistan and Iraq. Help for heroes scram 5 distinct campaigns that live with been done , these are swimming pool confused at Headley court, Relatives houses at Headly Court and Selly Oak hospital, battle back, troop aid, combat stress and the patients welfare fund.They are a national company based in England only. The Help for Heroes Company are a registered UK charity, hardly too have a profitable gain, they do exactly what is stated and tot on the wholey giganticsss are given to the charity. But they also sell Help for Heroes merchandise such as wristbands etc. these go towards the running cost of the company and to the owners. The donation that Help for Heroes have received since October 2007 is ? 105. 377M.Help for Heroes have about 250 employees worldwide Help for Heroes is a tertiary business and the purpose of the business is to help wound service men and women through donations and fundraising, the ownership of Help for Heroes is a partnership, owned by Bryn Parry and Emma Parry. The mission statement for Help for Heroes is Help for Heroes supports any humankind or woman who has been either wounded in conflict or injured in educateing since 2001. We are raising millions of pounds to create facilities to help their re impertinental and support existing service charities to deliver the expertise claimed. Help for Heroes have an unlimited liability, this mean if they were to go into debt, they could lose more money than was put into the business. Topshop is a British clothes retailer, it is cheatn worldwide. Topshop is a part of the Arcadia group which is a group that owns a lot of different retail outlets. Topshop was founded in 1964 by cocksu cker Robinsons Ltd. Topshop has physical and online stores in over 20 countries. They employ over 200+ employees each year. They are an International company with flagship stores in Europe, the Americas and the Middle East.The Topshop in Oxford Street is the worlds largest fashion store it is roughly about 90,000 square feet and covers five floors, it attracts 30,000 clients a day. Topshop is a tertiary company the purpose of the business is to sell fashionable clothes and accessories to the younger age group (15-25). Topshop is a company owned by the Arcadia group so its a PLC. As Topshop is a PLC, they have limited liability, and they would only lose the money that they put into the company. P2 Describe the different s light uponholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting businessesA stakeholder is an mortal that has a direct or indirect stake in an organisation because it can affect or be affected by the organisations policies, actions or objectives. All stakeholders are entitled to different considerations, and have different rights. Stakeholders can range from clients, to establishment. I entrust be describing the uphold that key stakeholders have on my two selected organisations, Topshop and Help for Heroes. Customers Customers have an impact on Topshop as they buy the products they are entitled to a fair price on products and juicyer(prenominal) quality goods.The influence they have on Topshop is that they are expecting them to hold in juicy-quality goods, which last for an extended period of time so they get their value for money on these products. Help for Heroes customers influence the company by expecting them to make good use of their donations, in products brought and to achieve projects that are promised to be made. Employees Employees have an internal impact on Topshop as they are part of the company employees expect security of their job, opportunities to progress in the business as they gain more regulate experience and a f air pay.As employees are so vital to Topshop, the employees expectations must be met by Topshop. Help for Heroes have two set of employees they have volunteers and fastness set staff. They both have the similar employees but the volunteers do non expect pay, and expect projects to be achieved. Suppliers Suppliers have an extraneous impact on Topshop as they are not part of the company suppliers expect a fair price for goods or services that they are inviteing to the company. They would also expect a fast if not instant payment and some suppliers would expect to feel valued by the company.This influences Topshop to get payments done quickly, and for prices to be fair to the suppliers, suppliers allow also influence the company to prosper as they allow for want to feel proud of the company. The Help for Heroes suppliers impart also have an external impact on them. They will expect them to pay them a reasonable price for the goods they are providing them, and they will expect reg ular orders to be made. Owners The Owners of Topshop will have an internal impact on Topshop as they are part of the company and will some decisions for the company owners are regarded as the principal risk takers.Owners would expect to see boodle increase, and see values of the business to rise. Owners will influence the organisation to maintain high standards of work and to attempt and keep employees for a long period of time, and to maximize profits of the company. The Owners of Help for Heroes also have an internal impact of the company they would also like to see the business increase in size, but not necessarily value. They would also expect to sell products and bring in a reasonable amount of donations. Trade UnionsTrade unions represent the interests of groups or employees. In Topshop and Help for Heroes they would expect fair wages based on experience and qualifications, fair working hours and acceptable working conditions for their members. This will influence both busine sses to maintain high quality working facilities, make sure all staff is given a fair pay and are given reasonable hours. Employer Associations Employer associations are the presidency body of organisations. They have an external impact on Topshop as they are not part of the organisation.They would expect Topshop to abide by rules that they have set they will also encourage them to give producers of their products to receive a fair wage. This will influence them to offer fair prices to suppliers and to abide by the set rules they have given. Help for Heroes will also be impacted by the employer associations. They will be influenced in making sure they pay their suppliers a fair price. Government The government have an external impact on Topshop as they are not part of the business.They expect businesses to provide jobs for the public, and pay taxes they will also expect Topshop to be successful. This will influence Topshop to maintain healthy sales figures and employ a suitable am ount of large number based on the business size. The government will have less of an impact on the business they will expect them to provide jobs, but it is not vital as only some are paid. They will expect them to be successful. Local Communities Local Communities have an external impact on Topshop as they are not part of the business.They would expect them to evaluate the local customers and area, to keep their waste to a minimum and to give back to the community. This would influence Topshop to try and recycle more often and offer excellent customer service. Local communities would also influence Help for Heroes as they build many buildings and the local community would expect them to keep their waste to a minimum and offer events for the local community. P3 Describe how their style of organisation helps them to fulfil their purposesThe purpose of an organisational structure is to keep control of a group of people and to keep communication between different employees quick and smooth as possible. An organisational structure also distinguishes a clear line between different types of jobs in certain departments. Topshop is a large organisation with a tall hierarchical structure. It needs this because it has over 100 international destinations. Topshop has chosen this structure because it needs to keep different employees in different departments of the business this keeps the organisation together but also divides work between departments.Topshop also this structure for communication, they are such a large business, so they need to make sure that if problems or queries need addressing employees know who their superiors are and who exactly to report to. Topshop would not want a shop floor employee speaking to the chief operating officer for a simple query as that would take too long for the problem to be addressed. The span of control in Topshop would be fairly thin a manager would normally be in charge of about 15 employees, this is a good figure as it al lows communication between employees and managers to be efficient. Example of a Tall Hierarchal StructureTopshop have many different functional areas these are Finance, Marketing, Production, gross revenue and Human Resources. Finance keep all records of any type of financial activity, they also work with other managers of different departments to give them any sort of financial information that they need e. g. working with Sales to give them predictions of source turnover. Marketing are responsible for monitoring competitors such as River Island and Zara. Identifying, anticipating and satisfying any requirements that a customer or potential customer whitethorn have and to create new ideas within the business.They do this in Topshop by making sure they know what are the latest trends are and lodge out when new stock is available to subscribing customers. Production is in charge of how the stock is made, how much stock is made and when it is made. Production keep under Topshop fi gure of conduct this states that goods must not be made through any forms of child labour or forced labour. Production work closely with pay in keeping sure they have the most cost effective production, Production also works closely with Marketing as they decide when stock is made and Marketing tells them how much stock they will need for new seasons.Sales are responsible for getting customers to buy whatever Topshop produce. Sales work with the Marketing department. Marketing will find out what the customer want and Sales will normally find potential customers to open from here selling will keep them interested and hope for Sales to close the deal. Human Resources managers are responsible for people management in Topshop this is for mainly customers and employees. They will advertise, hire, train and fire employees. They will also take any sort of customer complaints.They will also make various policies for people in the organisation, administrative roles and accessory roles. To pshop make strategic plans by getting the CEO of Topshop to write up a set of aims with other senior partners. These are then dissected by the second in charge and presented in a department meeting from here they will then decide on how will they meet these aims with strategic plans and different plans are given to different managers. P4 Explain how their style of organisation helps them to fulfil their purposeFor this task I have been asked to explain how organisational structures and strategic provision helps Topshop to achieve its aims. Organisation structures help a business reach their aims by how dividing the company into smaller units, where companies have specialists in their specialised areas such as having a financial clerk in the finance department and not in the marketing department. The organisational structure will also establish clear communication routes making it communication efficient by having it only when demand.Strategic formulation is an organisations proc ess of defining the direction that the company is going in this involves making decision and providing the pertinent resources to pursue the strategy that will be taken. Performance measures are established early on to measure the success of the plan. Heads of organisations need to do strategic planning so they can check at any investments are worth the time and money. Strategic planning helps a business to achieve its aim in various methods * Helps organisations prepare for the future This helps businesses to achieve aims by allowing them enough time to plan in the present so they can analyse for the future, enceinte the business enough time to run trial and error through different ideas and methods, this is so they can decide on what will bring profit and what will bring a loss of profits of the business. * Bring clarity and agreement on a mission statement This helps businesses to achieve aims by letting everyone know what the ultimate goal of the business is and to reinforce this goal in everyones heads.It is also helpful for the staff and board members to have a path to discover this puts everyone on the same page. * Educate participants on changes to be made This helps businesses to achieve aims by giving everyone that is in the business the suitable information and resources to allow them to go steady how changes will be made so that they can accommodate the business aims. If employees also understand the business history and be able to see what has worked in previous year and what hasnt, they will be able to identify successful methods to move the business forward. Gives opportunity to analyse the organisations systems and processes This helps the business to achieve aims by giving board members the opportunity to be able to analyse the processes that and systems that have been used, and then they can identify the strengths and weaknesses, and eventually be able to improve these where necessary. M1 Explain the points of horizon of different st akeholders seeking to influence the aims and objectives of two contrasting organisations A stakeholder will always influence a business.This depends on the amount of power that they have the larger power that a stakeholder has the more interest that an organisation will have on that certain stakeholder. The interest that organisations take on stakeholders can influence the decisions that they take and ultimately this will affect their aims and objectives. I will be covering 5 different stakeholders that may influence my two selected organisations Topshop and Help for Heroes, the stakeholders I will discussing will be customers, employees, owners, trade unions and local communities. CustomersCustomers will have a large amount of power towards the business as they will be expecting Topshop to keep competitive prices with other businesses that sell similar products customers will also be expecting to receive seasonal deals from Topshop. This will change their aims in certain seasons s uch as Christmas as they will aim to sell much more, but for cheaper prices. Help for heroes on the other hand will have customers who will be purchase stock because they want to make an impact and make sure the company is getting income so that they can continue to execute projects.Help for Heroes will have their aims changed depending on many donations they receive per month, because if a suitable amount of projects arent complete in a suitable time then donations can be stopped from customers. Employees Employees also will have a great amount of power towards the business. Both companies Topshop and Help for Heroes will aim to keep them happy as they will need them in the business so tasks can be completed.The Employees will fair wages and reasonable hours, they will also expect feat evaluations, and this will influence the company to keep a sustainable amount of employees as they will have to provide them with training from the HR department, this could influence their aims as they might want to expand but may not be able to due to not being able to afford to staff new staff and train them to expectations. Employees in Help for Heroes are voluntary so will expect a good environment to work in, flexible hours and necessary training. OwnersOwners are a key part of the company and their decisions will always influence the company and will normally impact in with other stakeholders. In Topshop the owner will expect to see the company increase and their share of the profit to increase, they would also hope to see the value of the business increase in case they decide to sell. His/hers views would influence the company greatly because if he decided to start trading with freetrade goods, the marketing team would have to increase the price and rear new adverts and would lose customers from their customer base and try and persuade new customers to shop at Topshop.In Help for Heroes, there are two people that control the business they expect the company to increa se in size and to launch a certain amount of projects every year. If the owners decided to launch an extra 3 projects in one year, this would change the organisations aims as they would have to sell more stock and hire more employees. Trade Unions Trade unions are an external stakeholder to a company as they represent a certain party in the business. Trade unions expect that customers are treated fairly, wages are adapted and working conditions are of a high quality.This will affect a business as they will want to keep employees happy so may have to spend more on facilities instead of on stock, changing their spending patterns. Topshop and Help for Heroes will have to make sure that they keep high standards of working conditions and that employees are paid fairly and are treated in an acceptable manner. Local Communities Local communities are normally affected by organisations. Organisations try to keep local communities happy and will run various events or give back to them as th ey need their area. Topshop tend to keep their shops in cities, but have various factories in the countryside.The local communities will expect them to input money into the community and try and be as energy efficient as possible, this will influence Topshops aims as they may want to expand their factories but the local community may not want them too, so they may have to change locations. Help for Heroes build a lot of projects, the community expects them to use methods of building that cause less pollution. This influences the companys aims by making them spend more and making them wait longer for completion of projects or for the prices of good to be raised.

Discuss the role of Marketing and the Marketing Department using an organization of your choice to illustrate the points you make

merchandising plays diverse roles in most make-ups of the world. These roles shoot not been static tho have changed with the changing multiplication. selling helps in growing r eveue for organizations. Every other activity of the organization contributes to the cost factor. It is only through the sale of goods, services and ideas that revenue is generated. Marketing plays a yeoman of the guards role in this regard. For example, organization XYZ recorded a revenue of 350 million dollars last year (2006). This was a twenty percent increment all over that of the previous year (2005).The various trade activities undertaken such as advertising, sales promotion, guest relation building and management, etc contributed in achieving this feat for organization XYZ. Marketing helps in positioning and branding the organization at the marketplace (Webster, Jr, 1992). There argon several vendors and customers in the value chain and the ability of an organization to properly serve itself a part from the competitive landscape to a large extent depends on how it is marketed.How an organization is perceived at the marketplace determines the extent to which it prospers. If an organization is poorly perceived, it is flimsy that it can garner the needed customers to patronize its goods and services. On the other hand, if it is well perceived and received by the consuming public, doing business becomes easier. It is the duty of marketing to draw the right promises, to come up with an appropriate name and logo for the organization and in projecting a good corporate image for the organization at the marketplace.The marketing function plays a key role in managing several important connections between the customer and critical elements of the organization such as connecting the customer to the product and service delivery (Moorman and Rust, 1999). Special efforts argon therefore made not only to woo new customers but also to hold unto the actual ones. Customer relationships building and management are important undertakings by the marketing function. Customer relationship management optimizes demand for the products and services of the organization.It involves in identifying and responding to needs of the customer (SAP and Peppers and Rodgers Group, 2005). Any organization that seeks to prosper at the marketplace cannot afford not to treat its customers well and meet their needs. Marketing plays a vital role in the implementation of supply chain management (Soonhong and Mentzer, 2000). Supply chain management refers to all of the strategies, processes and technologies that together form the basis for working with internal or immaterial sources of supply (SAP and Peppers and Rodgers Group, 2005).Optimizing ones supply chain does not only lead to drastic cost-savings but also ensures the goods are supplied when they are needed. Integrating an organizations supply chain management and customer relationship management has been found to lead to even furthe r greater efficiency and soundness (SAP and Peppers and Rodgers Group, 2005). Marketing also play an important role in new product development and product launch. The importance of new products to organization cannot be over-emphasized.Treacy and Wiersema (1995) have singled come out of the closet product development or innovation with other two disciplines as the surest routes to competitive success. New products help in boosting growth and profit margins of the organization. . Some organizations even allot certain proportions of their profit margins that must be contributed by new products. In some cases the very survival of the organization hinges on the new products that it develops for the marketplace. Marketing actively encourages the active participation of customers in new product development.This is a trend gaining increased acceptance in recent years. Many business undertakings are founded on relationships such as strategic partnerships, alliances and networks (Gronroos, 1997). Marketing plays a vital role in fostering these relationships. This viewpoint has grown in recent times with the concept of relationship marketing. According to Gummesson (1996) the primary role of marketing is to connect suppliers and customers, which also include other stakeholders, both inside and outside of the organization. Marketing also actively promotes the organization at the marketplace or society.Through advertising, sales and trade promotion, sponsorships, contests, etc, the organization sells itself and the goods and services it has on offer. It can therefore be state that without the role of marketing it may be difficult for the organization to be known and its products and services patronized by the general public. The social responsibility of the marketing function cannot go unmentioned. According to Handelman and Arnold (1999) marketers are becoming increasingly aware of the positive impact that marketing actions with a social dimension can have for their org anizations.This dimension of marketing has been tied to organizational effectiveness in actively reaching and meeting the needs of target customers or market. Marketing also plays a vital role in corporate planning and decision-making. The research component of marketing provides managers with data on the effectiveness of current marketing mix and provides insights for prerequisite changes (McDaniel and Gates, 1999) as well as other information for managerial decision-making. Marketing research also offers an avenue for exploring new opportunities in the marketplace.According to Hogarth-Scott and Parkinson (1993) there are two parallel strands in the development of marketing within organizations. One is the growth of a corporate marketing section with responsibility for advertising, the conduct and or purchase of market research and corporate image building in the marketplace. Presently, a great deal of these functions are outsourced to advertising, research, media and brand devel opment agencies. The marketing department plays a coordinating role between the outsourcee agencies and the organization.Apart from liaising with agencies, marketing departments are also responsible for developing marketing strategies and plans for the organizations. The other element, according to Hogarth-Scott and Parkinson (1993), is the role of the vendee and the trading departments. The trading department has influential clout in the organization. They are responsible for product selection, pricing, merchandising and promotion in the organization. To a large extent, effective marketing depends on an integrated organizational effort.There is no doubt that marketing function and the marketing departments have grown in influence in recent decades. According to Moorman and Rust (1999) there has been a movement towards thinking of marketing less as a function and more as a set of values and processes that all functions of the organization participate in implementing. In this view, marketing becomes everybodys job, which potentially diffuses the marketing functions role but increases marketings influence.

Corporate Governance Review of Vinashin Business Group

ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET (to be completed by the student) AIB student ID number A12271 Student name TRUONG PHUONG LY Course name MBA valet de chambre Resource precaution Subject name Corporate G everyplacenance Subject facilitator Ryan Galloway Teaching Centre ERC Vietnam No. f pages 9 Word count 1721 nomenclature DECLARATION I, the above named student, confirm that by submitting, or causing the attached assignment to be submitted, to AIB, I have not plagiarised any some other persons decease in this assignment and except where suitably acknowledged, this assignment is my own work, has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for judging. sound judgment SHEET (to be completed by the examiner) Student name Course name Subject name Assessor/marker COMMENTS Principles learnt (for example, number and understanding of principles referred to, their modulate on the compl ex body part of this paper, number and correct citations ofreferences, use of appropriate jargon) /4 Application of principles. That is, theanalysis and evaluation of the example problem establish on the principles, including the final examination recommendations and their justification /8 How intumesce the example problem was described, including the extent and depth of information (including the data) ab bring out it that was accessed /4 Structure and presentation /2 Style, grammar and language /2 Total Less penalties GRAND TOTAL /20 General comments FOR MODERATORS USE ONLY /20 I agree with the assessors assessment I disagree with the assessors assessment and the new mark is as follows for the following reasons Moderator Title Corporate Governance Review of VINASHIN Business gathering Word count 1721 words Executive Summary VINASHIN is atomic number 53 of the biggest state-owned enterprises of Vietnam. This report conducts a review of the corporate governance of VINASHIN, including the analysis of its mount structure and its panel committees.There atomic number 18 three problems in VINASHIN governance members of the board were not qualified overflowing for the scope of the fellowship, president and chief operating officer was one single person (Mr Binh), analyze committee was not effective. Therefore, VINASHIN should consider hiring more appropriately experienced directors, separating the role of chairwoman and CEO, and improving the effectiveness of its audit committee. Table of Contents 1. Introduction5 2. Discussion5 2. 1. scorecard structure and its effectiveness5 2. 2. Board committee and their effectiveness6 2. 3. Recomendations7 3. Conclusion9 fictional character9 1. Introduction VINASHIN Business Group (abbreviated as VINASHIN) is a Vietnamese state-owned enterprise specialized in shipbuilding industry. Since it was found in 1996 based on the reorganization of Viet Na m Shipbuilding Corporation, VINASHIN had developed successfully.The annual growth rate in the period between 1996 and 2007 was 35%-40% and the net revenue of 2008 was 29 trillion VND (about $1. 4 billion). It was undoubtedly one of the biggest Vietnamese companies in terms of investment range and capability. However, at the beginning of 2010, VINASHIN was criticised publicly for bad course performance which caused the disadvantage of 5 trillion VND (about $238 million). Even worse, this figure which was clarified by the state inspectors was three epochs bigger than the loss figure reported in 2009 annual monetary statements by VINASHIN. Due to the world economic crisis, a series of shipbuilding contracts were cancelled.The guild was then $4 billion in debt and sued by Elliot VIN (a Dutch hedge fund) for being unable to pay the $600 million debt. VINASHIN experienced the most difficult period of its history when the danger of debacle was very close and members of its board of directors were arrested and sued because of the severe damage they had made. The facts observed in the case of this company prove the seriously important role of corporate governance, particularly in huge business corporation. This report conducts a review of the governance of VINASHIN including analysing its structure, process and effectiveness and making recommendations for appropriate improvements. 2. Discussion 1.The board structure and its effectiveness The Board of Structure of VINASHIN consisted of ball club directors who were appointed by the Prime Minister. As the enterprise was found based on the shipbuilding company, most of the directors used to be the top managers of the old company. For example, the CEO Mr Pham Thanh Binh was initially a shipbuilding engineer. After 17 years, he became the Deputy Director of Transport Design and Engineering Institute. He was then appointed to be the CEO of VINASHIN in 1996. It can be entrancen that the members of the Board of Direc tors were appointed basically because of their experience of working in the company or in the similar field.In one hand, they had the big advantage of the knowledge and ne twainrks in shipbuilding industry and they all had similar background and unique culture. This made strong connection among the board and put out to high agreement. In the other hand, they might not be able to manage the new company with a lot more capital and a lot bigger in investment range. According to Tricker (2009, pp. 122), to formulate strategy effectively the strategic planners need to be, conceptually, above the enterprise looking down, able to see the enterprise in its strategic context. Moreover, the strong connection might lead to the neglect of objective assessment. The truth is that VINASHIN was very successful with its main pop off building ship but then fell down because of 257 ineffective projects in other fields.The next issue is that Mr Binh assumed the role of Chairman by 2008. He was the n the Chief Executive and the Chairman of the company. Furthermore, he was also the Party Secretary of VINASHIN (the highest political position of the Party in a company). well-nigh may say the combination has its advantage in the very distinctive leader and that it can avoid the conflicts due to spreading leadership between two people. However, this first violated decl be 101/2009/ND-CP of Vietnamese Government about state-owned business group. Second, the concentration of violence in a single person would increases plague potential and reduce the effectiveness of the only leader.In fact, Mr Binh made on his own many decision which then caused serious trouble for the company. For example, he decided to subvert the Lotus Ship which cost 1. 3 trillion VND ($60 million) without calling any meeting or announcing for agreement of the board. The ship then did not work but the company had to pay $4 million interest each year for the loan. 2. The Board Committees and their effectivene ss Another issue of VINASHIN governance is about its committees. altogether members of the board were appointed by the Prime Minister and their compensation was decided by the company policies which are also approved by the Prime Minister. As a result, there was no need for a nominating or remuneration committee.However, the existence of audit committee was compulsory and its formulation was regulated by the Decree of State-owned business group. The audit committee consisted of three to five members. They must be independent non-executive directors. They were needful to make audit report about the company procedure every month, quarter of year and year. These regulations seem very cautiously and able to ensure the independence of the audit committee. In fact, the board had strong enough power to influence the audit committee. In 2009, VINASHIN disclosed that it lost 1. 7 trillion VND ($81 million). After a lot of publicly criticism, the state inspectors figured out that the true number was 5 trillion VND ($240 million).To explain about this issue, the chairman of VINASHIN audit committee said that the company did not have clear enough policies so he just did what the CEO (Mr Binh, also the Chairman of the Board) told him to do. The question is whether the audit committee really had no idea about their responsibility and who they are liable to and whether they were really independent. 3. Recommendations Based all these above words, there are three problems in VINASHIN governance Board of Directors was not qualified for the scope of the company, Chairman and CEO was one single person (Mr Binh), audit committee was not effective. For the first issue, the company should consider to use more professional not VINASHIN employee directors with reckon experience from big business group.Although the current directors have advantage of the experience in shipbuilding industry and they have been working for the company for many years, their capabilities are no longer enough for the new bigger enterprise. VINASHIN is no longer a simple shipbuilding company. It has became one of the biggest business group of Viet Nam with $ billion of capital. It has invested in hundred of projects in many business fields. VINASHIN really needs the board of directors who are able to see the enterprise in its strategic context, including the industry, the market, customers and competitors, products and services, wherever the company operates and to identify the wider political, economic, social, and technological context (Tricker, 2009).First, the outside directors would bring VINASHIN their broader knowledge about the big market and their experience in sufficient investment. This is what the current directors are lack of because their experience was only made in one industry. Second, the outside directors would challenge the board with their objective view about the company. They could push the board to improve the company under the consideration of different aspe cts. Finally, hiring outsider could help to prevent the board becoming a cosy club which only includes people who are well know to each other and share similar interest. Therefore, the board become more transparent and the decisions they make are less influenced by the interest of the board.For the sulfur issue, there is no solution but separating the roles of Chairman and CEO in two persons. According to the example discussed above, there is one issue behind the Chairman and the CEO has too much power toward the board and there are not enough control to prevent them from breaking the rules and making decision irresponsibly. VINASHIN should frame up and apply more policies to ensure the Chairman or CEO to present the Duty of Trust and Duty of Care constantly. For instance, the CEO should be required to have discussion with all members of the board when he wants to set up new project. After reaching the agreement, he only can sign and mix up in the contract under observation of th e majority of the board.Of course, the policies could reduce the potential of abusing power. However, the directors of companies, being managers of other peoples money, cannot be expected to watch over it with the same vigilance with which they watch over their own (Smith). Therefore, the policies can not control every issue in term of over use power, especially when the members of the board are very close to each other and having similar interest. In this case, the only shareholder, Government, should be able to audit the performance of the board and appropriately regulate the reward and punishment policies. For the last issue, VINASHIN needs to improve the effectiveness of its audit committee.First, the audit committee should consider carefully the qualification of its members. The mechanism should encourage the selection and retention of diligent and knowledgeable committee members who are able to understand their important role in the board and willing to dedicate time and ener gy for their responsibility. Second, the audit committee should understand the role of each party participate in the auditing process, including the management, the internal auditors and external auditors, and the interaction among these parties. It should be able to make known independently with each party and design the appropriate mechanism to ensure the accountability of these parties.Finally, it needs to have frank and candid discussion with all parties to brook the board greater insight, objective judgement and appropriate recommendation. An effective audit committee, which would strengthen the Board accountability, transparency, objectivity and effectiveness, has potential benefits It improves the quality of financial reporting, by reviewing the financial statements on behalf of the Board It creates a climate of discipline, risk management awareness and control which will reduce the opportunity for fraud It enables the non-executive directors sitting on the take stock C ommittee to contribute an independent judgement and play a positive role It increases public confidence in the credibility and objectivity of financial statements and of the Board. 3. ConclusionFrom the discussion above, this report reviewed the corporate governance of VINASHIN Business Group in terms of its board structure and its board committees. Through the review, it figured out three problems Board of Directors was not qualified for the scope of the company, Chairman and CEO was one single person (Mr Binh), audit committee was not effective. Based on this, some recommendations were given. Reference Hongkong Society of Accountant, 2001, A guide for effective audit committee, pp. 3-6 Tricker, B 2009, Corporate Governance Principle, Policies and Practices, Oxford New York, the United State Vietnamese Government, 2009, Decree of Establishment, Organization, Operation and Management of State-owned Business Group

Because It Is Running by

Because It Is ravel By 2. Delprove A. This is Edie, Wil, said his mother. Shes going to be helping me out. When was this decided? he said. Edie meets Wil, opposites meet. In Because It Is Running By these two important characters, Wil and Edie, meet when Wils mother hires Edie to help out with some chores. As the first quote might allude to, Wil is not very(prenominal) happy with Edie coming into his life. counterbalancetually Wil seems to accept Edie as they spend some time together and get to talk. One thing leads to another and one mean solar day Wil invites Edie out and buys her a drink.When Wil realizes that Edie is leaving soon, he accuses his mother of throwing Edie out of the house. Edie is heading for Marrakesh, Morocco and, as the schoolbook ends, Wil is with Edie and Wil suggests that he could go to Morocco. Wil is a young man who is not in his teenage years anymore. He lives with his mother and has probably done so most of his life. We know that he has never left Great Britain and, at this point, the only woman in his life is his mother. We dont know much of Edies past. We only know of where she is now and where shes going.These two briny characters have completely different approaches to life. Edie is staying with his mother where everything is safe, while Edie dares to enter new areas unknowing of what will happen. Never been abroad. Never been on an aeroplane. Im nevertheless a fucking peasant. Dont do that, she said. I seen you deliberateing it, he said. With your Pernod and your fancy accent I think you are where you are. I think this is a very interesting dialogue between Wil and Edie, which gives us some idea of who our main characters are, especially Wil.Wil is very much aware of his lifestyle, within the galosh borders, and the dialogue might indicate that he is somewhat ashamed of it. When later, he says that I could go to Morocco, he is probably fascinated by Edie and her way of life. He wants to see what happens if you le ave the comfort zone. All in all, the last sentence of the text basically sums up Wils way of life things continuing in the same way. While Edie is the opposite who has only been at their place during summer, until she is moving on to another distant location which is fascinating to Wil.There are several(prenominal) themes in this text relationship between a mother and her son, relationship between a boy and a girl. entirely in my opinion the main theme is breaking the comfort zone or, as the old Latin phrase goes, Carpe Diem seize the day. Wil probably had his reasons for alimentation with his mom, but if youre too frightened to go anywhere else, who knows, you might just end up dying as the same fucking peasant that you have been your entire life. The title of the text, Because It Is Running By, could refer to Wil who is just letting life run by, instead of getting the best out of it and becoming a part of it.Text 4, Making the stopping point to take a gap year, deals with this matter. There are many things to worry about when leaving the comfort zone, such as loneliness and language problems. But all these factors are just a part of the adventure that life is supposed to be. You cant know what experiences youre missing out if youre well pleased with where you are. Its our life and our responsibility to get the best out of it seize the day or die regretting the time you lost. Picture 1, want Freedom, shows a man leaning, with his arms, against the window and a dove painted on the wall.Like Wil and Edie the man and the dove are opposites. Since there are no interdict on the window we can conclude that he is not in prison. But then again, this man has probably imprisoned himself, by not living life to the fullest. He has only spectated life from the sidelines, but he doesnt dare to go to the other side of that window and experience what its like. The dove, on the other hand, is completely free. And the dove knows what to do to survive. Its mother m ight have fed it at first, but eventually it has to live life on its own.Even if that means going to dangerous territories to find food, the dove knows that it must be done in order to survive. It doesnt wait in its own prison and end up dying in regret. Which way of life would you rather imitate? B. Because It Is Running By is a text which is basically built up of dialogues, with remarks from a narrator. Since there are many dialogues in the text, it is written in colloquial language. That means a large amount of very short sentences, which arent necessarily grammatically correct. An example of this is the above-mentioned dialogue Never been abroad. Never been on an aeroplane.Im just a fucking peasant. Dont do that, she said. I seen you thinking it, he said. However, typical slang used in colloquial language, such as gonna and wanna is not used in the text. The text is not written with formal language and there are very few difficult words. The text can be rather annoying to rea d, cod to the fact that there are many stops throughout the text, caused by small sentences. Also, Wil often jumps from one subject to another, which can be frustrating for the reader. 1 . Song Avenged Sevenfold Seize The Day

Part of Your World Essay

The poesy Part of Your World is from the movie The Little Mermaid and is sung by the main character, Ariel. This song embodies the ultimate intent of Ariel throughout the whole movie, which is to be a part of the world above the sea, ground. As the song states, Ariel wishes to be where the people are. The title of this song comes refined from the lyrics themselves, in the chorus. In the song Ariel is singing to her friend, distribute. She is trying to convey to him why she telephones the world on land is better than under the sea.She says Flippin your fins, you dont select too far, Legs are required for jumping, dancing, this shows us some of what she would be able to do if she had legs instead of fins. She desires to be a human, not a mermaid. Another conceit is that this song has a deeper meaning other than being a part of this world above the sea. As much as she is trying to convince Flounder of the beauties of the land, the metaphor of the song is showing us that to follow your dreams can be exciting. There are many other things to experience other than what is right in front of us.In this song there are many end rhymes one specific example is this line Isnt it neat? Wouldnt you think my collections complete? Neat and complete is an example of rhyming. Rhyming happens when there is a repetition of the concluding sounds. Neat and complete both sound like eat. contain rhymes occur when the rhyming syllable is at the end of the line in the poem. This is a perfect example of end rhyme. Another poetic sound device in Part of Your World is repetition, which is found throughout this song.For example Up where they walk, up where they run, Up where they stay all day in the sun, the term up where they is perennial several times. Repetition is also found in this line I wanna be where the people are, I wanna see, wanna see them dancin, I wanna is utilize throughout creating a beautiful poetic sound. This song makes great use of alliteration. Alliterations ha ppen when a beginning consonant is repeated like in this example Flippin your fins, you dont get too far. The repetitive use of the letter f creates a fun and exciting poetic sound device. Rhyming, specifically end rhyming, repetitions, and alliterations are three important poetic devices that are found in this song. These help the song flow along smoothly and make the song more interesting for the listener. antecedently I mentioned the use of a metaphor. Metaphor is an example of a figure of speech or extended device. Another example of this is a hyperbole.Hyperbole is used in this song to better emphasize just how much Ariel would like to be a part of this new world she describes. Betcha on land they understand, Bet they dont reprimand their daughters is a hyperbole hyperbole is an over-exaggeration used to better emphasize a point. Metaphor and hyperbole are both figurative devices used in this song. Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, the writers of Part of Your World, use these v arious poetic and figurative devices beautifully in order to give you a better idea of Ariels desires and life goals.Jodi Benson does a beautiful job, as well, of conveying Ariels longing to visit this land above. One might believe the goal of this song truly is to allow the listener to look more broadly at his or her own life and decide if all needs are met. The figurative language in this song, hyperbole and metaphor, greater emphasize her goals and the poetic devices used make the song more enticing to the ear. This song gives the listener a apprehend for a greater future.

Internal Control Essay

1. Inform the president of any new natural throw requirements if the fraternity decides to go public Each of the five comp one(a)nts of an internal escort system is important. Let us focus on the check into activities. These activities are the headstone of the companys efforts to address the risks it faces, such as fraud. The specific control activities used by a company pull up stakes vary depending on solicitudes assessments of the risks faced. The six linguistic rules of control activities are as follows a. governance of officeb. requisition of dutiesc. Documentation proceduresd. corporal controlse. Independent internal verificationf. Human imagination controlsAll these apply to most companies and are relevant to both manual and computerized accounting systems.Establishment of responsibilityAn essential principle of internal control is to dish out responsibility to specific employees. harbor is most effective when scarce one person is responsible for stipulation task. Establishing responsibility often requires limiting access only to authorized personnel and then identifying those personal. Segregation of dutiesSegregation of duties is indispensable in an internal control system. There are two common applications of this principle a. contrastive individuals should be responsible for related activities. b. The responsibility for record-keeping for an asset should be separate from the physiologic custody of that asset. The rationale for segregation of duties is, the work of one employee should, without a extra of effort, provide a reliable earth for evaluating the work of another employee. Segregation of related activities Making one individual responsible for related activities increases the potential for errors and irregularities. Segregation of record-keeping from physical custody The custodian of the asset is not likely to convert the asset to personal use when one employee maintains the record of the asset, and a different employ ee has physical custody of the asset.Documentation proceduresDocuments provide evidence that transactions and events founder occurred. By requiring signatures on the documents, the company can identify the individual responsible for the transaction or event. Companies should document transactions when the transaction occurs. Companies should establish procedures for documents. First, whenever possible, companies should use pre numbered documents, and all documents should be accounted for. Pre numbering helps to prevent a transaction from being recorded more than formerly or conversely from not being recorded at all. Second, the control system should require that employees promptly forward source documents for accounting entries to the accounting department. This control assess helps to ensure timely recording of the transaction and contributes directly to the accuracy and reliability of the accounting records.Physical controlsUse of physical controls is essential. Physical contr ols relate to the safeguarding of assets and lift the accuracy and reliability of the accounting records.Independent internal verificationMost internal control systems provide for independent internal verification. This principle involves the review of selective information prepared by employees. To obtain maximum benefit from independent internal verification a. Companies should verify records periodically or on a surprise basis b. An employee who is independent of the personnel responsible for the information should make the verificationc. Discrepancies and exceptions should be reported to a management level that can take appropriate nonindulgent action. Independent internal verification is especially useful in comparing recorded transactions with existing assets. Large companies often assign independent internal verification to internal auditors. Internal auditors are company employees who continuously evaluate the effectiveness of the companys internal control systems. They re view the activities of departments and individuals to de bournine whether official internal controls are being followed. They also recommend improvements when needed.Human resource controlsHuman resource control activities include the followinga. Bond employees who handle immediate payment Bonding involves obtaining insurance protection against stealth by employees. It contributes to the safeguarding of cash in two ways First, the insurance company carefully screens all individuals before adding them to the policy and may reject risky applicants. Second, bonded employees know that the insurance company will vigorously prosecute all offenders. b. Rotate employees duties and require employees to take vacations these measures deter employees from attempting thefts since they will not be able to permanently conceal their improper actions. c. Conduct through background checks Many believe that the most important and inexpensive measure any business can take to reduce employee theft and fraud is for the human resources department to conduct through background checks.2. Advice the president of what the company is doing aright (they are doing some things well) and also recommends to the President whether or not they should buy the ineradicable sign machine. When you advise the President, please be sure to reference the applicable internal control principle that applies. Some of the things that the company is doing right area. Documentation procedures The organization uses pre numbered invoices. Documents provide evidence that transactions and events nominate occurred. This internal control activity says that whenever possible the companies should use pre numbered documents and all documents should be accounted for. Pre numbering helps to prevent a transaction from being recorded more than once or conversely from not being recorded at all. This control measure helps to ensure timely recording of the transaction and contributes directly to the accuracy and re liability of the accounting records.b. Establishment of responsibility The organization uses petty cash. Employees are asked to place a note if they use any of the cash. This is according to the internal control activity Establishment of responsibility. This is an essential principle of internal control is to assign responsibility to specific employees. Control is most effective when only one person is responsible for a given task. This limits access only to authorized personnel. c. While interviewing, the president and the accountant do it together. It is good to have more than one people in an interview. d. The concomitant that he realizes the issues of any problemsThe president should not buy the indelible ink machine, because anyone in the company will have the access to print. The president has to voluntaries himself and decides about the indelible ink machine. He need not wait for authorization from anybody on installing this indelible ink machine. 3. Advice the president of what the company is doing wrong (they are definitely doing some things poorly). Please be sure to include the internal control principle that is being violated along with a recommendation for improvement. Some of the things that the company is doing wrong area. Meeting in a public place to discuss. This should happen in a private room. b. Physical control The Company does not follow the physical control activity. The company does not have individual passwords to restrict access. The use of physical controls is essential. Physical controls relate to the safeguarding of assets and enhance the accuracy and reliability of the accounting records. The organization should have individual passwords for all employees. c. Establishment of responsibility The Company does not follow the internal control activity of establishing responsibility. The indelible ink machine is a wrong option because anyone can use the machine to print. An essential principle of internal control is to assign resp onsibility to specific employees. Control is most effective when only one person is responsible for a given task.d. Human resource controls The organization does not follow the human resource controls internal activity. Among the human resource controls internal activity, they do not follow the conduct thorough background checks. The company did not do background check. The employee did smut fungus and was a convicted felon who served time for molesting children. Conducting thorough background checks is the most important and inexpensive measure any business can take to reduce employee theft and fraud for the human resources department. The two tips are 1. Check to see whether job applicants actually graduated from the schools they list. 2. Never use the telephone numbers for previous employees given on the reference sheet always look them up yourself. The company must conduct background checks when recruiting.e. They have faith in their long term employees. The long term employee s know well about the organization f. Establishment of responsibility The organization does not have a responsible person for release the pay checks. This is an essential principle of internal control to assign responsibility to specific employees. Control is most effective when only one person is responsible for a given task. The company leaves the payday checks in the office for pick up. The paychecks should be mailed separately or it should be deposited directly into the employees account. Else one person should have the responsibility to handle the paycheck on pay day.g. Segregation of duties It is an indispensable internal control system that the organization is not following. The two common applications of this principle are Different individuals should be responsible for related activities and the responsibility for record keeping for an asset should be separate from the physical custody of that asset. Making one individual responsible for related activities increases the potential for errors and irregularities. The custodian of the asset is not likely to convert the asset to personal use when one employee maintains the record of the asset and a different employee has physical custody of the asset. In a company, same person cannot be both the treasurer and controller. The duties of the employees must be segregated clearly. h. Physical control Use of physical controls is essential. Physical controls relate to the safeguarding of assets and enhance the accuracy and reliability of the accounting records. There is no internet security in the company. They should have proper internet security.

Stopping the Repetition of the Past: Musings of Antebellum America

Stopping the Repetition of the Past Musings of Antebellum the States Author Henry James has tell that it takes a great quid of history to produce a little literature. For oer one hundred years sla truly had crippled the Afri wad the Statesn people and aided the uninfected man however, when the Emancipation resolve was put into effect it would set about a slow catalyst of flip that would take over a century for the complaisant compensates Movement to be at its pinnacle. Racial limits would be pushed, lasting tension would arise. A great American novel of this time should depict the questionable change in racial demographics of the unite States.Set before African American freedom, Adventures of huckleberry Finn, written by blot Twain has been incessantly praised by authors and critics of all(prenominal) levels for move boundaries. It needs to be placed in the context first of other American novels and thusly of world literature (Smiley 1). Much same(p) the American car riage of leaving the old country behind and immigrating to the United States, the novels loveable, young country boy of a narrator, huckabackleberry Finn, pulls in studyers of all kinds and recovers the loneliness of macrocosm on his own travelling in the south, save for his runaway slave friend Jim.Along their adventures up and down the Mississippi River to free Jim, the reader follows hucks moral nurture, which is built up during different episodes in the story, precisely ultimately undone in the end. Although the roundabout nature of the end of the novel and huckabacks moral regression has rendered distaste, Adventures of huckleberry Finn deserves its place in the literary canon of American literature for its variable structure, good-natured narrator, and reflections of Antebellum America. In essence, the end of huckleberry Finn is its pitfall.Hemingway claims that if you read the novel, that you must stop when Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. On e must go to where huck tells Tom of stealing Jim out of sla rattling, where it is evident that Tom withholds the knowledge that he knows that Jim has already been freed. What wherefore Jim is he begins to say, scarcely then stops talking before he reveals the facts (Twain 235). Tom Sawyer is too fanciful, too extravagant, making it eject that he is ultimately the endings drawback (Marx 10).It is clear that Tom Sawyer has begun planning his adventure al more or less immediately after finding out Jim was captured, and he takes advantage of his best friend huck. According to James Pearl the long and drawn out trick that Tom Sawyer plays on Jim requires the reader precariousness if any real development has taken place (2). After everything Huck does for Jim and the scrupulous opinions he forms, Tom accompanys back into the picture and pulls him back to his childish shenanigans. Huck allows his so called friend to take control of him, and the follower in him comes back out.He le ts Tom boss him around and does all that he can to entertain him Oh, shucks, Huck Finn, if I was as ignorant as you Id keep still thats what Id do (Twain 248). Tom acts as a nonher father figure to Huck an additional lousy, bully like character. The natural growth of Huck and Jims friendship, the pursuit of freedom and Hucks gradual recognition of the slaves humaneness ar rendered useless by the entrance of Tom Sawyer and his machinations to free Jim (Peaches 15). Not only is Tom Sawyer unrealistic, but he is alike charismatic and a natural leader, unfortunately in this case.At first, Huck questions Toms way of doing things Confound it, its foolish, Tom, but later he becomes Toms helpless accomplice, submissive and gullible (Twain 250, Marx 12). withal Jim, he couldnt guarantee no sense in the about of it, but he allowed we was white folks and knowed better than him (Twain 256). Huck is the passive observer, who does not tell Tom what he is planning is wrong, and Jim is the submissive sufferer of them, who does not fight back (Eliot 3). Tom adds unneeded agitation to a swell up written, historically reflecting novel.At the very end when Tom wakes up, he is asked why he would want to set a freed slave free and responds Why, I wanted the adventure of it and Id a waded neck-deep in blood to-goodness alive, behaving as an immature imp (Twain 292). After all that Tom and Huck put Jim through, around sort of reaction from Jim and a well-deserved outburst from Huck atomic number 18 expect however, the actual response is quite the antithesis of what is expected. Huck still puts the menace on a pedestal, believing that Tom Sawyer had done and took all that trouble and flurry to set a free nigger free (292).Jim does not even question Toms motives. When freed, Jim receives forty dollars from Tom, and the newly freed man claims in unrest Dah, how, Huck, what I tell youI tole you I ben rich wunst, en gwineter be rich agin, en its come true (294). While most of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not convincing, the ending surpasses the realm of improbability into ridiculousness. Leo Marx declares the most obvious thing wrong with the ending, then, is the flimsy contrivance by which Clemens frees Jim, which goes to say that although the ending is very humorous, it is quite agitating (9).This novel is a masterpiece because it brings Western humor to perfection and yet transcends the narrow limit of it conventions. But the ending does not (Marx 11). No matter how stirring the conclusion of the book is, thither is still an insightful segment. During the attempted freeing of Jim, Each shackle, chain, and discomfort applied by the boys to Jim makes Twains point that freeing a free black man in the postbellum is protracted and difficult (Godden, Mccay 11).Even after the civilian War ends and the Emancipation Proclamation is still in place, the actual freedom of African American men and women is not in attained. These oppressed people still live under the rein of a struggling, racially suppressive nation. A century after this period freedom is fought for again, yet won day by day. Just when the reader believes that some hope has arisen, Huck lights out for the territory unspoiled like he lights out from every other situation.Aunt Sally is going to adopt him and sivilize him and he cant stand it, and thats the end (Twain 296). No more to leave the reader thinking about how the narrator has developed immensely or how frequently struggle he has gone through, James Pearl has to ask whether Huckleberry Finn goes in a line, or a circle (1). Almost as soon as the reader opens the novel, which Hemingway has noted that There was nothing beforeThere has been nothing good since, an explanatory written by Mark Twain is seen.It is written that In this book a number of dialects are used, to wit the Missouri negro dialect the extremest form of the backwoods South-Western dialect, as well as the use of numerous more speech patterns tha t suck up not been done in a hap-hazard fashion, or by guess-work but pains-takingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity (Twain Explanatory). Right collide with the bat Twain establishes respectable ethos or credibility, which lays the framework of language in the novel. As its characters speak throughout the book, it is easy to differentiate between the change dialects that are used.Jim is a prime example of Twains pains-takingly written dialect, I tuck out en shin down de hill en spec to steal a skift long de sho someers bove de town, but dey wuz people a-stirren yit, so I hid (55). To the modern day reader this is difficult language to become adept to reading, but it is reiterate easy to see that it is exquisitely written. Twain creates the impression of the American folk refinement through his use of dialect and phonetic spelling, which mimics speech, rather than writing (Pearl 1).Even though many of the adventures are improbable, the cred ibility of the characters in them are made more convincing by mimicking this native mother tongue The use of the word nigger in the novel creates a sense of fury in countless Americans. Henry Peaches mentions Fiedler when stating that the racial-slur has the odious distinction of signifying all the shame, the frustration, the rage, the business that has been so much a part of the history of race relations in the United States (Peaches 12).However, Peaches and Fiedler do not put into account the culture in which Huckleberry was raised. Twain uses language to show that access to culture and education defines character (Pearl 1). Huck was raised in the South during the 1800s, before the emancipation of slaves, so by nature he and many others in the novel would use the word without an afterthought. All of the negative racial undertones used by Huck are not apparently the thoughts of a young boy, they are reflections of Twain.This is expressed during the King Solomon chapter, where H uck claims that Jim had an uncommon level head, for a nigger (Twain 86). As chapter fourteen unfolds, the question of equality of the American people comes into play. The debate about the Americanness of Huckleberry Finn reveals the larger struggle to define American identity (Pearl 1). This book came at a time after the slaves in the United States were freed, but it is based before that. It was a time when Americans needed to contemplate their countrys history, and define for themselves the difference between repair and wrong.When Jim cannot seem to visit why French men and American men do not speak the same language, Twain is inferring that all men should be equal, merely because they are men. Whenever the mix of the Ohio River and the Mississippi River is mentioned, there is a sense of pressure and divided pride. Those who live on the Mississippi River feel their Southern pride, The Child of Calamitysaid there was nutritiousness in the mud, and a man that drunk Mississippi wate r could grow corn in his stomach if he wanted to (Twain 101).Although this quote seems very silly, it brings to light the foolish, yet very real northern and southern rivalry Northerners and Southerners had differing opinions about slavery and human rights, they talked about how Ohio water didnt like to mix with Mississippi water (101). Richard Godden and Mary Mccay point out that Twain locates this conversation very specifically that the intersection is political as well as geographical (10). Later on in chapter twenty-two Huck goes to another town where a lynch mob goes after Sherburn. Sherburn may have just shot a harmless drunkard, but his speech is eloquent.What comes out of the communicative man is an expression from Twain based upon Southern antics Why, a mans safe in the hands of ten thousand of your kind as long as its daylight and youre not behind himWhy dont your juries hang murderersyoure afraid to back down afraid youll be found out for what you are cowards (Twain 16 2). Twain makes clear at one time more the way he feels about the south. This town, much like the south had to be moving back, and back, and back, it was still caught in its old ways, unjust and antiquated (156).Even Huck speaks to this because the people thats always the most anxious for to hang a nigger that haint done just right is always the very ones that aint the most anxious to pay for him when theyve got their satisfaction out of him, meaning that those who take advantage of others are raved up to use them but do not want to make an effort to pay the repurcusions of it (288). When Huck speaks there is no exaggeration of grammar or spelling or speech, there is no condemn or phrase to destroy the illusion that these are Hucks own words (Eliot 3).The use of a child narrator in this vista is key. Humans have a predisposed inclination to care for young children, and these jaded, insightful words that come from Huck evoke a deeper sense in the reader. Coming from a child, these words have a stronger sense of meaning. The language and sentence structure that Twain uses for his characters goes hand in hand with the often supernormal juxtaposition he often forms. One night his pap was all tired outhe said he would rest a minute and then kill me (Twain 41).This subtly included sentence adds immense effect The predominant use of simple sentence syntax which allow(s) him to handle the surfaces of the world as they come at him, or to watch and record others doing likewise (Godden, Mccay 12). There is neither judgment nor alarm in his tone. When Twain constructs sentences in this way it catches the reader off guard and creates a realization of the cruelty of the world that Huck has become so adjusted to. Choosing right from wrong seems impossible when the person that taught him to delineate right from wrong was a morally clouded father.This is exemplified again during the Grangerford episode when Huck starts out describing Colonel Grangerford, He was kind as he c ould beEverybody loved to have him around too he was sunshine most always and then continues with the unexpected fact that the old gentleman owned a jam of farms, and over a hundred niggers (Twain 125, 126). This is ironic due to the contrast between Hucks romanticized view of the lovely Colonel Grangerford and the readers understanding that the man inhumanely owns over a hundred cosmoss.Huck has a basic, yet growing understanding of how slavery is cruel, but not enough to equate slave owners as unjust people. Then when the Grangerfords and the Shepherdsons go to church with their guns and kept them between their knees or stood them handy against the wall, Huck includes then that It was pretty ornery preaching all about brotherly love, as if the situation was not ironic nor strange in any way (129). The juxtaposition included in this statement as well as the irony exemplifies Twains opinion of the ridiculousness of age old vendettas and family rivalries in the South.After everyth ing they leave church with a powerful lot to say about faith and the good works, which exacerbates the foolishness of the feud, they speak of faith, but try to kill of their enemies every chance they get (129). Twains opinions are not kept out of his book, but are hidden in some cases. They have created such a lasting legacy for Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The authors opinions and a wide variety of characters enable the reader to have a wider viewpoint of the people in this period of history. Following the Sherburn incident, Huck goes to the circus.He does not transition whatsoever, I could a staid (at Sherburns), if Id a wanted to, but I didnt want to. I went to the circus, and loafed around (162). This explosive change happens a few times throughout the novel to help illustrate the extent of Hucks age and lack of capability to butt life altering situations, such as the death of his dear friend Buck, which symbolizes the death of the boys childhood. He immediately goes back t o the raft, We said there warnt no home like a raft, and continues back on his adventures with Jim (134).This action leaves room for endless variation and adventures, with the endless variation of Americas inha spotlightants (Pearl 1). The reader is never really sure what to expect next in the novel, which leaves room for prediction. The seemingly random episodes are expertly crafted to show Hucks moral development. America at the time is a big melting pot of different cultures, which come into play with shaping the narrator. Beginning in the first few pages of the novel, the reader gets their first taste of Huck as a narrator. He is goodhearted, and does not judge, which makes him an unbiased storyteller.Beginning with speaking about the author, Mark Twain, Huck says that he told the truth, mainly. There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth (Twain 13). Even when referring to his father who abuses him he does not see the wickedness in him, but by and by pap go t too handy with his hickry and I couldnt stand it. I was all over welts (37). By being an impartial narrator he allows the reader to make his own moral reflectionsHe is the impassive observer he does not interferehe does not judge (Eliot 2).T. S. Eliot is spot on when he says this. By being an impassive observer, the reader then takes Hucks later moral development more seriously. During the Grangerford episode he learned that unique Emmeline Grangerford made poetry about people who had died and felt unsuitable because no one wanted to make poetry about her once she died so he tried to sweat out a verse or two himself, just because he felt that bad for a girl he had never met (Twain 124). This type of mature sincerity is uncommon among preadolescent boys.The development of Hucks conscience comes a bit later in the novel, however the start of his moral growth begins before this. As soon as Huck and Jim meet again on the island Huck breaks norms of the time, and he chooses not to tur n Jim in. I said I wouldnt tell, and Ill stick to it. Honest injun I will, and he even claims that he does not care if People call him a low down Abilitionist (55). Although this scene is early in the novel it essentially sets the scene for the rest of the Hucks progress, excluding the ending.Hucks immediate reaction to help his newfound friend, whom he would be incomplete without, before he becomes well acquainted with him is an persistent moment in the American experience, and proves his heart is in the right place (Eliot 3, Marx). When he plays a mean, childish trick on Jim, who was once his slave, he apologizes It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger, and even when he apologized he warnt ever forbidding for it afterwards (Twain 95). T. S. Eliot claims that the pathos and dignity of a boy, when reminded so humbly and humiliatingly, that his position in the world is not that of other boys, entitled from time to time a practical jo ke but that he must bear, and bear alone, the responsibility of a man (4). Huck must reason for himself right versus wrong, and act as an adult, even though the role models he has had in his life have consisted of an alcoholic father and foster parents who try to sivilize him (13). This is where he realizes that he needs to do right from there on forward.He would not do him no more mean tricks and he wouldnt done that one if hed a knowed it would make him feel that way (95). Huck learns that Jim has real feelings, recognizes humanity, and vows not to play any more tricks on him, which is Hucks first big step in moral development (Pearl 2). However, after this big step, when Jim and he came close to Cairo, Huck becomes nervous. He realizes what he is doing is wrong in societys terms. It made him feel all over trembly and feverish, this is his conscience playing a role in his life decisions for once.Sacvan Bercovitch believes Hucks desire to fit in is underscored by his inability to d o soHe believes in racism, class hierarchy, Southern aristocracy, which is completely inaccurate (14). Huck tries to believe in these things because society has forced him to believe in them, but he is questioning what he has been taught The situation got to troubling him so he couldnt rest, then he got to feeling so mean and so lowly he wished he was dead (Twain 110). He couldnt get that out of his conscience, no how nor way (110). Stealing that poor old-womans slave scorched him more and more (110).Huck has vision for the first time in his life that society may not be right and decides that he would do whatever comes handiest at the time, and not what is necessarily right (Eliot 2, Twain 113). When contemplating turning his friend in, he got to thinking over their trip down the river, and that while they were floating along they talked and sang and laughed (222). This leads to Hucks decision that he will go to hell if that is what it takes (223). Leo Marx believes that this is th e climactic moment in the ripening of his self-knowledge. By stating he will go to Hell, Huck has surrendered to the notion of a principle of right and wrong (Cox 190). His friend Jim is his father figure and the power of Jims personality erodes the prejudices that Hucks culture has instilled (Peaches 14). When Henry Peaches states that Hucks attitudes extend no further than his love for Jim, it is not necessarily true (13). Huck does love Jim, he has become a surrogate father to Huck, and he immediately agrees to help Jim as soon as he finds out on the island that Jim is a runaway (Peaches 16).He also claims that there is no literal reason to assume that the regard Huck acquires for Jim during his odyssey down the river is generalized to encompass all blacks (Peaches 12, 13). Peaches is correct that there is no tangible evidence, but just because Huck saves Jim as opposed to some other runaway slave does not make his motives any less genuine. While the ending of Adventures of Huck leberry Finn arguably is its drawback, the capricious structure and language, delightful narrator, and observations of prewar United States unquestionably give the novel its place in the literary canon of American literature. one time it is accepted that the last twelve chapters of the book are disappointing, it is easy to see the merit in the rest of the piece. Depicting the feelings of southern citizens and African Americans before the Civil War, it gives a glimpse into the past of a torn country. The legacy of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn will last for many years to come because of the profound impact that is had upon both America and other nations. Mark Twains writing has exposed the wrongdoing of slavery to the American people.By writing the novel after the Civil War, he has forced the country to look back in shame on the disturbing act of slavery and to fight for the cause of equality. It will live on because it is a book for everyone. Subtly including dark images with satir e offers many interpretations, therefore giving a book that younger children can read and not see more than a story, and mature readers can look at with a deeper understanding. By looking into the past, one can help stop the repetition of monstrous acts in the future.

Affects of Capital Punishment on Society Essay

To take a breeding when a life has been lost is revenge, non butice ( qtd. in Anti- finish Penalty). big(p) punishment, or the decease penalization, has been around in some sort of variation for centuries. It is enforced upon criminals who take on been convicted of the roughly heinous crimes, such as homicide. thither have been debates by dint ofout cartridge clip as whether or not the goal penalty is appropriate punishment. Valid arguments of support and contradiction of roof punishment have come up everyplace time, making citizens rely it is a tough decision for lawmakers to choose whether or not to allow the remainder penalty. The decision is simple. chief city Punishment should be abolished throughout the country beca office it is an raw and unnecessary commission of going-over that contains many a(prenominal) flaws and serves no jurist for those involved.Executions have been held in the United States as far back as history recognizes. Beginning in 1976, sta tes have begun to come to their senses and finally abolish the finale penalty. The number of Ameri net civilians who oppose the cobblers last penalty have too more than double since then, showing that more than trinity of the population now oppose capital punishment ( 2001Jost 948). Since 1976, more that 1,000 writ of exploits have occurred in the United States. amid the thirty-eight states that approve of the stopping point penalty, and the thirty-two that have used in since 1976, there be atomic number 23 different movement methods that are available, each having their disadvantages ( Friedman 85).The first of these execution styles is demise by break. Until the late 1800s, this typecast of murder was the primary execution type in the united states. Many states have since stopped hangings, notwithstanding it has not been gotten rid of completely. Currently, it is still used in Delaware, Washington, and New Hampshire. The last record execution hanging dates back t o January 25, 1996 in Delaware, when Billie Bailey was hung for being convicted of the murder of an elderly couple. Hanging is just one of the several sad ways in which justice is served in America ( Friedman 74).another(prenominal) way of performing the death penalty is by the use of lethal gas. It is arguably the least violent of execution methods, and it does not mar, or disfigure, the body. There is little hurting involved, and it takes minimal time to perform. Several states use this type of execution, including California, Maryland, Mississippi, and Wyoming. The latest recorded execution by lethal gas was in 1999 in Arizona ( Friedman 74). If there were such a thing as the best execution method, this would be the one.The rarest of type of performing capital punishment is by the use of a firing squad. First, the convicted is led into an execution room where he will sit upon a billet absorbing chair. He is placed before five gunmen, holding four bullet guns and a blank, so t hat the killers would not be identified. After being covered with a black hood, members of the firing squad lay for the heart, instantly killing the criminal. The latest firing squad execution was in January of 1996, when John Albert Taylor of Utah was sentenced to the death penalty. Death by firing squad is very un normal and is used only upon an inmates request ( Friedman 74).The just about currently used method of capital punishment is lethal injection. The performance consists of three drugs entering the bloodstream. They include sodium pentothal, which knocks out the someone, pancuronium bromide, which causes widespread paralysis, and lastly, potassium chloride, which induces a heart attack, killing the convicted criminal. Death penalty supporters believe this type of injection is the most humane, because it is said that once the first drug enters the bloodstream, that the dupe drifts off to sleep and feels no pain. However, there is no proof backing this theory up, and tak ing into the good will of the strength of potassium chloride, it is nearly impossible to believe that the person does not feel any pain ( Friedman 77).Lastly, electrocution is the fifth and final type of execution. First introduced in the 1880s, it is currently the second most common type of criminal murder behind lethal injection. The process begins with the criminal being thoroughly shaved to avoid interference with the electrical current. Then they are strapped into an electrocution chair. A saline-moistened sponge is placed upon the persons head to conduct the electric current that flows throughout the body. This is then covered by a metal hat. The prisoner is then blindfolded. A flip is then switched, sending anywhere from 500-2000 volts of electricity through the body, hoping to kill the person within seconds. Ten states allow this type of execution, and it is the only type of execution permitted in Nebraska. It is by far the most cruel type of criminal punishment, due to the fact that the prisoner is caused an extensive issue forth of pain. A specific incase involving this occurred in Alabama in 1983. John Louis Evans caught fire while being executed, and it as well ask over 14 minutes before he was finally pronounced dead. All types of the death penalty are brutal murders, but electrocution by far is the worst ( Friedman 75). Because the current death penalty law, while neutral on its face, is applied in such a manner that raft of color and the poor are disproportionately condemned to die, the law is legally and morally invalid ( qtd. in Friedman 61). Capital Punishment is a heinous type of punishment as it is, and the fact the majority of cases are unfair makes it even worse. If the death penalty is to continue, a better effort at least needs to be made to make certainly that only defendants that by the lawmakers standards deserve to be killed shall be executed. Whether the situation involves racism, the country in which the crime is committe d in, financial wealth, or mental capacity, the death penalty is being unfairly applied upon too many individuals.Racism is one of the most common ways in which Capital punishment is unfairly enforced. In the year 2000, a series of studies was done by the United States surgical incision of Justice. Results from the study show that Caucasians were more than twice as likely to receive plea-bargains in homicide cases than black defendants. A separate study showed that it was at least twice as likely that the pursuance would seek the death penalty if a black person killed a white person, than if a white person killed a black person. A similar 3,900 case study by Jack Boger, a law prof at the University of North Carolina, confirms the statement that if a white human is murdered, it is twice as likely the prosecution will seek the death penalty ( Progressive 135-36). The amount of black criminals that are on death haggle are beyond all imaginations.Richard Dieter, executive director of the Washington Death Penalty data Center, did a studying on criminal cases in which capital punishment was sought by the prosecution. Results showed that 72% of these cases involved a black defendant. Amnesty International is also one of the many organizations that believe too that the death penalty is racist. The organizations evidence shows that since 1977, the amount of black and white murder victims are nearly equal. However, over 80% of these homicides that received the death penalty involved having a white victim ( 2001Jost 952). Black people are unfairly treated when it comes to capital punishment, but they are definitely not the only ones.Secondly, the unfairness of capital punishment is brought out by a defendants wealth. miserable defendants receive attorneys who are inexperienced, underpaid, and unmotivated, giving them slim chances of having a chance of innocence. A statement from the United Nations human beings Rights Commission stated that an poverty-stricken crimi nals chances of receiving the death penalty increase immensely compared to a rich person, only because of a poor defensive argument ( Parks 57). Amnesty International also reports that 95% of inmates on death row are not even wealthy enough to move over their own attorney, possibly being the reason that they are there ( 2010Jost 973). Although it is said that notes cannot buy happiness, it sure has the ability to keep a convicted criminal alive.Over the past few decades, it has been evident that many split of the country overuse the death penalty quite a bit. In a 2004 study by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, it shows that that the south has carried out 85% of the nations executions, with over half of executions in the United States attack from Virginia, Florida, and Texas, who leads the nation with over 375 executions since 1976 ( 2005Jost 789). Also, out of the top ten states in which capital punishment is used most, the uttermost north is the state of Virginia. With al l the evidence pointing towards the south becoming a safer place by carrying into action vicious criminals, it is actually the exact opposite. The south has the highest crime rate throughout the country by far, and is the most dangerous region to live in. On the other hand, the northeast has performed the least number of executions. The region also has the lowest murder rate in the country ( Friedman 37). Evidence clearly shows that the south is executing way too many people, and it part of the explanation as to why the south has so many homicides.We shall never execute anybody who is mentally retarded (qtd. in Progressive 132). This quote made by President George W. scouring shows that the debate of whether or not mentally retarded criminals should be up for execution continues today. Before 2002, 36 states had prohibited the use of capital punishment on mentally retarded defendants. In June of 2002, the supreme accost issued a ruling, ending the execution of those with intellec tual disabilities. Although this may sound like good news, it still is not nearly enough. Regulations for states classification of an intellectual disabled person include a significantly limited amount of functioning and behavior, and some states include that the defendant must have an IQ below 65 to be considered mentally retarded.These limitations may prevent some executions for mentally slow people, but certainly not all. One of the most nationwide cognise cases of this involved Virginias Earl Washington. In 1983, Washington, having an IQ of 69, was convinced by police that he was guilty of the rape and murder of a Virginia woman. After confessing he was sentenced to execution. In 2000, just days before his execution date, Earl was pronounced innocent and released from prison ( Intellectual Disability). This is just one of the many examples of unknown injustices that occur when mentally slow persons are available to receive the death penalty, no bet what their IQ is. It is beli eved that there are still over 600 people on death row that can be considered in some way, mentally retarded ( Ross 84).Capital punishment in the United States has many problems that hurts the justice system immensely. While real criminals are executed and taken off the street, the pros of execution do not outweigh the disadvantages of it. Cost, exoneration, time spent on death row, and the fact that capital punishment does not deter murder are all major issues that need to be unsounded so that people fully understand why the death penalty should be abolished. The extra money spent on the death penalty could be spent on other means of achieving justice and making the community safer compensation for victims, better lighting in crime areas, more police on streets, or longer periods of incarceration for certain offenders ( Friedman 12). Cost is a big issue when it comes to the choice surrounded by capital punishment or keeping a criminal behind bars for life. Many believe that exec ution saves the country a great deal of money. It actually is the exact opposite, causing states such as Florida and Indiana an extra forty million dollars on executions annually for each state. The average cost of an execution in the United States ranges anywhere from 2-5 million dollars. This includes the time spent on death row, plus the execution itself. The cost to keep a criminal in prison until death is around $760,000. This surprises many individuals and shrewd more information on the death penalty may changes the Capital Punishment views of Americans ( Fagan).The United States is known for being the most active state when it comes to executions. Those who believe this statement are absolutely correct, because the United States has more death row inmates than any other country in the world ( American Civil Liberties concretion 126). All of these people on death row also spend an incredibly long time on death row, which is a main reason that the cost of an execution is so m uch. In most cases, a death row inmate will spend 10-20 years on average in prison before they are executed. This is due to several things. One is that the government wants to be absolutely sure that the criminal is guilty as charged, even though innocent people have still been executed. Another reason is the numerous appeals that these possibly innocent people file, trying to convince others of their innocence. These issues are important in showing that death row is full of inmates for years, where instead, the inmates could be at normal prisons serving a life sentence ( Friedman 11).In August of 1993, Ruben Cantu of Texas was executed on charges of robbery and homicide. Later, new evidence, as well as a signed statement by the confessed murder, proved Cantus innocence. Many death row inmates have been exonerated through the history of Capital Punishment, and Ruben Cantu is one of many who have been wrongly executed. Another case involved Frank Lee Smith, who was convicted of rapin g and murdering an eight-year-old girl. Smith spend fourteen years on death row and died of cancer. It was later proven that he was innocent of all charges. Since 1989, there have been more than 180 slur conviction exonerations, thanks to the use of DNA technology. The average person who has been exonerated in one of the 31 states where they have occurred has wrongfully spent twelve years behind bars ( Friedman 21). That is more than 180 too many, and not one of those wrongful convictions was necessary.