History of U.S. in 400 Words Essay

I am very proud of my country because it was formed on the foundation of freedom and has continued to support freedom for all of its citizens as well as helping to spread freedom throughout the world. First, America was founded by common people looking for a better way of life, one in which they were able to practice their religion and participate in how their settlements were governed. Committed to their beliefs, America endured eight years of war to gain their freedom. There were many hardships along the way: disease, starvation, and suffering; but we hung in there and eventually beat the British, the most powerful nation at that time. Then, we did something shocking; we made it a democracy, the first in the world. People thought it was crazy, this American experiment, but we proved it could work. Unfortunately there was a problem brewing – slavery! It ended up causing a great civil war, the North pitted against the South. We got through it and in the end the nation was reunited and freedom for all prevailed. Women still had some problems, though, and after nearly one hundred years of protesting they finally received the same rights as men as they got the right to vote. Our ideals of freedom were then tested outside our boundaries. We got involved in World War II as we helped to purge the world of the atrocities that the Nazis inflicted. We helped in the Korean and Vietnam Wars in their struggle for freedom and equality. After a long Cold War, we were successful in our efforts to get the Soviet Union to end communism and tear down the Berlin Wall. We also got involved in the First Gulf War as we worked to get the Iraqis out of Kuwait and restabilize the country. Then, on September 11, 2001, terrorists struck the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and an airplane in route to Washington, D.C. and we again had to defend our freedom. We are continuing to help put an end to the senseless acts of terrorists along with teaching the people in Iraq and Afghanistan how to defend themselves against the Taliban. The United States of America is a world power, supporting the individual rights and freedom of people throughout the world. It stands for and supports liberty and justice for all, and that makes me incredibly proud.

Marketing Segmentation for Nescafe Essay

4.1 Market Segmentation NESCAFE’s customer’s bases are comprised of following target groups. †¢Local residents †¢Local business people †¢Students †¢Travelers passing through These groups are potentially strong customer segments. The benefit of this customer segmentation is that it helps to maintain consistentency in business throughout the year. The customer segments provide a consistent foundation of all years long. Also by appealing several market segments, NESCAFE does not become overly dependent on any single consumer group. 4.2 Target Market Segments strategy Overall, our strategy is to maintain a constantly high customer count by leveraging our appeal to groups of customers. Local residents Approximately 200,000 people live within our NESCAFE location. The most affluent of these live even closer, within three miles. Excellent Parking is available for our customers, local customers from the loyal core of our business. Local Business Much of the employee parking is out of the immediate area with shuttle service to downtown, most people stay near their place of employment during breakfast, lunch and after work relaxing. A significant number of these local business people find coffeeholics an inviting and convenient destination. Students In Hyderabad there are many universities as well as dozen of school, and colleges including many private centers. So students love to come at NESCAFEto enjoy with their friends in clean environment with best cup of  coffee or cold coffee and their favorite snacks. Travelers passing through The travelers passing through Hyderabad they will tired in journey or get tired after journey they can easily relax in the environment of NESCAFEand enjoy their coffee or tea or have some snacks. 4.4 Competitive advantage Our competitive, compared to other coffee shop in Hyderabad includes: The significantly higher quality, better tasting products.  The only coffee cafà © which provide best products in reasonable price.

A sapaaparete peace Essays - Phineas, Finny, Phillips Exeter Academy

sapaaparete peace fferences: Gene is more scholarly (Gene is near the top of his class, Phineas average in his studies) , Finny is (Phineas) the better athlete, Finny is more self-confident (able to step outside convention and challenge authority) Similarities: there are not a great deal of similiarties between the two teenagers. A similarity lies only in the fact that Gene assumes that his "friend" is as envious of his scholarly abilities as much as he is envious of Finny's athletic prowess. Of course, they have their ages and school in common, too. But Gene is severly lacking in self confidence and maturity. Finny may lack maturity as well, but his is a benevolent immaturity, while Gene's is decidely malevolent. "As Ronald Weber writes in an article from Studies in Short Fiction, "It is Phineas's innocence that Gene cannot endure. As long as he can believe Phineas shares his enmity, he can find relief, but with this assurance gone, he stands condemned before himself and must strike out against his tormentor."

The Fifth Replies of Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Fifth Replies of Descartes - Essay Example The Fifth Replies of Descartes The argument in question is the argument of Discourse. The problem with this counter argument is the inherent bias. There is a premise and theres a conclusion if one accepts the premise the conclusion must be accepted. Renà ©e Descartes says that he knows he exists it is inherent that he knows what he is and what his nature is, it is the very definition of establishing his existence. This knowledge (of existing) cannot be separated from the knowledge of what that existence is about. This point can be elaborated through an example for instance one sees a bottle of water. His eyes tell him that it is there. Since this person has the premise that what his eyes see is in fact real (or existing) it means that he knows that the bottle exists. When he say that it exists it means it has certain properties that indicate that it exists. No one can say that something exists without acknowledging the properties. Existence without the knowledge of its properties is even more illogical than deriving a conclusion that existence of self also encompasses the nature of self. When Renà © Descartes say that he thinks therefore he exists, it means that he is aware of what he is and what his nature is. Otherwise there is no existence. Every existence has its properties; be it divine authority like God or as trivial as a plastic water bottle. The objection of Descartes’s claim rests with the understanding of premise. If the critics accept the premise when Renà ©e says that something exists, he also bases this by understanding some properties.

History - Waiting for Macedonia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History - Waiting for Macedonia - Essay Example Macedonian men and women don’t necessarily feel a kinship tie to their land, unlike Bosnians. Changes experienced by the young female engineers in Skopje include the fact that they feel more liberated to do as they please, and less inhibited. Young modern socialist women in Macedonia are classified on the upper level of the social strata in comparison to Albanian women of the village, who are sometimes pillaged by war, adversity, and infirmity. Unlike women in the European Union, those from Macedonia and Albania are generally regarded as lower-class – but that might be because the countries that they are from in Southeastern Europe are less highly-regarded due to their lower socioeconomic status. Another personal identity that is portrayed in the book is religion. Religion is more relegated to a status that is separated from the state in Macedonia, and people learn to get along with each other even though they are from different religious backgrounds. Religion, in the m ovie, is portrayed as a necessary part of life. In Bosnia, everyone is split up into factions. It might have had a lot to do with the fact that in the early ‘90s everyone in the region had to at least hear about, if not deal with, the Bosnian War. The Bosnian War divided people into three distinct groups: the Bosnian Muslims; the Orthodox Christian Serbians (also known as Serbs); and the Catholic Croatians (also known as Croats). The Croatians were pitted against the Bosnians by the Serbs. But basically, the Serbians were persecuting the Bosnians based on the fact that they were Muslims. President Bill Clinton finally decided to intervene in the Bosnian conflict in order to prevent an even larger genocide from taking place. To be Muslim in Bosnia meant to be the oppressed. To be a Croatian Catholic meant to be caught in the middle between a centuries-old fight between the Orthodox Christian Serbs and the Bosnian Muslims. National Identities Both the book and the film analyze d ifferent elements of national identity as well. Classifications of national identity in Yugoslavia during the existence of the country were never completely solidified because everyone came from different ethnic backgrounds. This only made allegiance to a nationality more difficult to believe in. The uncertainties of life after Yugoslavia, however, were somehow easier to deal with than the fact that much national pride was never lost on many Yugoslavians who were able to assimilate by ethnic groups. Religion can sometimes pose as nationality in the sense that, if someone is a Muslim, they might automatically assume that they are Bosnian. Thus, in a sense, in that region of the world one’s religious identity gets fused with a nationality even though that may not reflect the reality of an individual. In a similar manner – to put it in another way – many people also assume that someone whose religion is Judaism is necessarily an Israeli, but that’s not absol utely true. Nor is it true that someone who is an Israeli is necessarily Jewish –actually, it is the converse. Nothing can be assumed or presumed. While someone may be ethnically Jewish, they may not be a Jewish national (from Israel), and nothing guarantees that someone’s religion is Judaism unless proven otherwise. Therefore, nationality, ethnicity, race, and religion, for some Jewish people, are all one and the same. But certain people do differentiate between

Theories of Electricity and Magnetism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Electricity and Magnetism - Essay Example It is possible to transform an electric field into a magnetic field and vice versa. This essay will therefore analyze the properties of electricity and magnetism and their relationship with respective theories. Magnetism There are three basic properties of magnetism. These properties are the basic behaviors of magnets and they define laws that govern magnetism. The first property of magnetism is the bipolar property. According to this property, a magnet has two unlike poles. It is also impossible to separate the two poles of a magnet or to create a monopole magnet. This indicates that whenever a magnet is split into two pieces, two unlike poles always result creating two independent and complete magnets. The second property of magnetism is the attraction of unlike poles and repulsion of like poles. This significant property forms the basis of most theories that governs magnetism. The third property of magnetism is the existence of a magnetic field or the region around the magnet with in which the effects of a magnet are experienced (David 109). A magnet has a strong field around its poles and its strength varies inversely with the distance from the magnet. Theories of magnetism are based on the three properties and they explain why magnets behave the way they do. Magnetic theories are also used to predict occurrences that cannot be verified physically as the three properties. The first significant theory of magnetism is the Weber’s theory of magnetism. According to this theory, the magnetic property of a magnet is based on the magnetic property of each individual molecule. Weber hypothesized that each molecule behaves like a tiny magnet that has the bipolar property discussed above. According to Weber’s theory, the difference between a magnet and non-magnet results from the magnetic field of each molecular magnet. During the magnetization process, the molecules of a piece of material are aligned in one direction with all their south poles and north poles facing in a similar direction. In an un-magnetized material opposite poles of each individual molecule are oriented in a similar direction resulting in cancellation of the magnetic force. Such a material will have zero resultant force (David 119). This theory is closely related to the bipolar property of a magnet. According to the theory, the two poles of each magnet results from the fundamental molecular magnet that forms the magnet under consideration. The inability to create a monopole magnet also has its basis on the existence of bipolar molecules. Each split or separation of a magnet results into two independent magnets with independent south poles and north poles. This is because the splitting of a magnet does not affect the direction of the magnetic force of each individual molar magnet. Finally, the theory supports the field property of magnets. This is because the magnetic field around each magnet results from the cumulative field of each individual molecule. The sec ond significant theory of magnetism is the domain theory. This theory is based on the orbiting or spinning of electrons around the nucleus. The spinning of electrons creates both an electric and magnetic field around the electron. When most of the electrons within an atom spin in a similar direction, a magnetic field results around the atom. Magnetism results from the resultant effects of such electrons. On the other hand, the atoms of a non-magnetized mater

Strategic Evaluation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Evaluation Paper - Essay Example It has stood out ahead of its competitors by designing outstanding products that has left its competitors outsmarted. Having being pioneered by their leader late Steve Jobs Apple has stamped its authority in the technology world. Having all this it is important to understand that Apple has to formulate other different strategies for it to survive and outshine the rest of its competitors and also to try and embrace change as this time very few companies are surviving these days. Apple needs to focus more on innovation. For example during the latest launch Apple focused on Apple pay a new way that its customer can pay for services. Value addition may be very important for its customers as this promises its customers a different variety of service. With the world becoming integrated Apple pay will help the company in cementing its position. It is therefore important that innovations stand out (Jorgeson, 2012). Apple also needs to focus on cost effectiveness of its products. It has been associated with high prices of its product and for the multinational having to understand even though countries are recover from recession spending more money is not a friendly decision to take so it is thus important that Apple tries to find way in which it can minimize the cost without affecting the quality of the product. The fact that its products are unique, and multinational it is important to note, that in as much as Apple wants to be the market leader very few people from Asia and Africa can afford its products. Also the foreign currency fluctuations can be a great threat for its product and it is important to factor and use a stable currency so as to protect its financial implications (Kevin, 2011). Apple also a face a challenge in protecting is brand with many competitors trying to copy so as cash in on sales. Having long battle with other leaders such as Samsung will be a key factor how to go

Healthcare Policy And Its Effectiveness Assignment

Healthcare Policy And Its Effectiveness - Assignment Example These agencies also bear the role of championing for their grievances. These include pay crisis and the roles of each in the medical field. They also determine the requirements in the market which helps in the development of the course outline in the colleges and universities offering the courses (Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, web) In many states and countries, the health sector is managed free from political processes which derail the provision of quality health services to the society. The payment of medical practitioners is done by the national or state government. The establishment and development of policies that govern the health sector is a gradual process that includes the includes stakeholders and the government (Skolnik, 2012, p. 263-267).. Due to the sensitivity of the matters affecting health, it is always advisable that the policies be set by the professionals in the field with consultation from the legal administrative officers in the region.

Nursing Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Profession - Essay Example Additionally, they create and monitor nursing plans, advice patients and their families in proper care, and help individuals and groups to take steps towards improving or maintaining their health. In practice, there are several types of nurses: hospital nurses, office nurses, nursing home nurses, home health nurses, public health nurses, occupational nurses, nurse supervisors, and advanced practice nurses (APNs). To become a nurse, one must graduate from an approved nursing program and pass a national licensing examination. For APNs, they must meet higher educational and clinical practice requirements beyond the basic nursing education and licensing required of all other registered nurses (RN). More so, they are specialists who offer basic primary healthcare through diagnosis and treatment of common acute illnesses and injuries. Nursing has its hazards especially in hospitals and other facilities where nurses may care for individuals with infectious diseases. Thus, nurses must observ e strict guidelines to protect themselves against diseases and other dangers such as those posed by radiation, chemicals used for sterilization of instruments and anesthetics. The value of registered nurses The next part of this paper will discuss the nursing profession within the context of Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). CNA was established in 1908, and now it is a federation of 11 provincial and territorial nursing associations and colleges representing almost all registered nurses in Canada (CNA, 2011). According to the fact sheet on The Value of Registered Nurses, nurses are associated with saving lives, promoting health, and reducing costs to the health system. First, RNs through their skills and interventions, improve the quality of care and aid patients in getting better health outcomes. Secondly, they shorten length of hospital stays, reduce rates of medication errors and wound infections, and reduce waiting time by providing timely access to care. Thirdly, by increasing the number hours of care provided by RNs, the in-patient deaths and the adverse outcomes among residents in sensitive areas can be reduced significantly. Fourthly, by involving RNs in health promotion and prevention care among the patients, there can be improved mental and physical functioning, a reduction in depression, lower costs per person for prescription drugs, increased number of patients who quit smoking, and better management of chronic diseases (CNA, 2011). More so, home visits by RNs have been shown to improve child and maternal outcomes. Finally, by increasing the number of hours of care provided by RNs, there can be net cost savings through reduced length of hospital stays and avoided adverse outcomes (Needleman et al., 2006). Nurses offer solutions for cost effective health care According to the factsheet on Nurses Offer Solutions for Cost Effective Health Care, nurses are well positioned and work in all parts of the health system, thus they can offer innovations that reduce costs and enhance effectiveness of the health system. First, studies have revealed that by reducing nurse turnover, there can be a reduction in costs and improvement of nurse, patient, and system outcomes. This can be

The Challenges of Internet Technology in the Area of Marketing Research Paper

The Challenges of Internet Technology in the Area of Marketing - Research Paper Example ytical Approach The analysis regarding the challenges of internet technology in the marketing field can be analyzed by collecting information related to it. The internet technology faces continuous challenges while marketing the products or services. These challenges arise due to certain disadvantages of internet technology and constant competition from the online competitors. At times, it has been observed that the marketers advertise the products in certain undesirable sites, thus the consumers of internet marketing faces dilemma while handling certain complicated or untrustworthy sites. As a result, the entire marketing campaign gets affected with this issue. The internet technology may not allow the customers to touch and try the products before purchasing. They can only purchase it based on the advertisement and service from the marketers. For that reason, the technology is still struggling to convince customers regarding the product purchase. Along with the technology, it is al so a great challenge for the marketers to influence the customers without verbal communication (Affiliate Idol, 2010). The other challenge that is faced by the marketers while utilizing internet as their tool for marketing is poor communication with the customers. The contact between marketing personnel and customers exists for the time being i.e. during sales period but after that period the contact gets closed. The technology though brings benefits to the customers, it becomes outdated rapidly, and therefore regular updates are essential. The poor navigation also has a negative impact in conducting any process through internet marketing. The marketers’ data may also get misplaced while conducting any operation through internet. As a result, it leads to threat for the marketers from... This essay approves that discrimination exists in segmentation of marketing through internet technology. This type of discrimination brings negative impression for marketers. The marketers who use internet technology for their advertisement of the products provide importance to high rank consumers. The poorer consumers are incapable to access the advertising by means of internet technology. The two-way communication is absent in this technology. This paper makes a conclusion that with reference to the above discussion, it can be concluded that internet technology faces huge challenges in order to meet the purpose of marketing. There are several issues that are raised in relation to internet technology. The technology has brought negative impact on both marketers as well as customers. The marketers faced dilemma while making advertising campaign because there is a chance to be imitated from the competitors. The customers also faced other issues such as online purchase and fear from the payment through credit cards. These challenges will continue unless the marketers remain cautious regarding the internet technology while marketing the products. The technology is beneficial for everyone; however it needs to be used accurately so that it does not get distorted. Improper utilization of internet has led to various challenges. This technology is more advantageous for marketing purpose in comparison to traditional marketing. This t ype of technology is high on demand in present scenario, thus accurate handling of it brings several benefits for marketers in various ways. Therefore, proper handling of the technology will provide benefits to both customers and marketers.

Navy Uniform Regulations Essay Example for Free

Navy Uniform Regulations Essay In dress uniform, civilian bags will be hand carried only.  All bags worn with the working uniform must conceal its contents and be either solid black or navy blue. No personal ornamentation. No tattoos/body art/brands that are prejudicial to good order, discipline and morale or are of nature to bring discredit upon the Navy are prohibited. Do not wear skirts or dress shoes aboard ship. Do not wear corfam shoes for normal work aboard ship, only when immediately departing or returning to the ship. Same applies for V-Neck/Sleeveless shirts. SOPA – Senior Officer Present Afloat Hair cut for men – Hair above the ears and around the neck shall be tapered from the lower natural hairline upward at least  ¾ inch and outward not greater than  ¾ inch to blend with hairstyle. Hair shall be no longer than 4 inches and may not touch the ears, collar, extended below eyebrows when headgear is removed, show under front edge of headgear, or interfere with properly wearing military headgear. Bulk shall no proceed 2 inches. Color must look natural and compliment the individual. Sideburns shall not extend below a point level with the middle of the ear, shall be of even width (not flared) and shall end with a clean-shaven horizontal line. Hair for women – The hair may touch, but not fall below a horizontal line level with the lower edge of the back of the collar. With jumper uniforms, hair may extend a maximum of 1- ½ inches below the top of the jumper collar. Bulk shall not exceed 2 inches. A maximum of 2 small barrettes/combs/clips, similar to hair color, may be used un the hair. Hairnets shall not be worn. Hair ornaments shall not present a safety hazard.

Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory

Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory The Practical and Theoretical Applications of Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory in Social Work Social work theories are extremely helpful in placing certain problem situations in context, and dealing with those situations. Two theories, Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory, will be particularly helpful in analyzing the case of Dave and Jenny, a married couple in their early twenties, who live on a London housing estate with their two children, Sean (aged four) and Sarah (aged two). Dave works irregularly as a labourer, and spends a good portion of his wages each week at the pub and at the bookies. This causes tension in their marriage, including repeated rows and occasional violence. The family have rent arrears and hire purchase debts, and they recently received a letter from a loan company threatening to repossess some of their property. Most of their problems are about money, and each blames the other for Sean’s willful and aggressive behaviour at the local day nursery. A mother and toddlers group was offered for Sarah, but was never taken up. Both Dave and Jenny would like help with their financial difficulties, and Jenny would like their relationship to improve. Dave claims that the only thing wrong with their relationship is their lack of intimacy since Sarah was born. The family was referred by the Health Visitor, who felt the familys problems were affecting Sarah. The first theory is question is Attachment Theory. Intimate relationships with others are the context in which we discover who we are, learn how others feel about life’s important issues, and how to bridge differences (Waters, Merrick, Treboux, Crowell and Albersheim, 684). The emotional security and warmth derived from a loving parent provides us with a foundation from which we can take the risks that are inevitably part of life (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990). In short, close relationships between babies and their caregivers are central to human life, and the theory of attachment is about these relationships: how they are formed, what happens during the relationship with the nurturing parent, and what the consequences are for later development (Ainsworth, 969 ) If we begin life with an experience of successful closeness, we are better able to create closeness in our relationships with friends and partners. The connection between caregiver and child ensures the two will remain near each other physically, but at the same time, the security of this closeness creates the courage the child needs to venture forth into the world (Waters etc. et al., 686). Secure attachment therefore actually facilitates independence as well as the formation of an autonomous self (Weinfield, Sroufe and Egeland, 687). Attachment theory proposes that the maintenance of bonds, particularly the bond between a mother and her young child, is essential to the survival of the human species and a compelling individual need (Belsky and Nezworski, 1988). An attachment may be defined as an affectional tie that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific one a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time (Ainsworth, 989). Secure attachment provides the foundation for positive growth. It is therefore essential that all children have the opportunity to enjoy such relationships. The key factor for the caregiver is â€Å"sensitive responsiveness† the ability to attune to the child and respond to their signals (Caruso, 121). The child’s responsiveness is also an important contributor to the process. Attachment problems are more likely to arise with â€Å"difficult† babies. Research has established a clear link between secure attachment and other developmental processes, in particular language development, exploratory behaviour and socially appropriate behaviour (Belsky and Nezworski, 1988). The desire to gain the approval of adults is a powerful motivation in learning to control equally powerful but less desirable urges (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990). For children learn to take care of themselves only as well as they have been cared for, and attentive care fosters self regard, se lf protection and self control, fostering a view of the world as responsive and caring (Weinfeld, etc. et al., 200). The securely attached child has formed the mental image of the self as a â€Å"cared about person in conjunction with the mother or other partner as a caring person, which enables the child to tolerate being separated from the caregiver, both physically and mentally, without anxiety increasing enough to disrupt play† (Rutter, 267). In the simplest terms, securely attached toddlers are more independent than insecurely attached ones. Attachment is the â€Å"laboratory of human connection, the experience that prepares us for a life in which we have the opportunity to thrive† (Bowlby, 1988). As part of our general duty to protect the young, we must support them in these early important relationships and do whatever we can to preserve the family relationships that support them. The attachment process is based on fine-tuning the relationship between caregiver and child, and multiple difficulties may arise in any situation. Separation due to illness, depression, stress and tension within the family may make it difficult for the primary caregiver and/or child to respond to each other (Ainsworth, 1009). Where the environment is chaotic and the primary caregiver is not available to the child secure attachment will not be possible. Failure to accomplish the goals of the parent-child relationship will result in an inadequate attachment relationship, placing the child on a pathway to relationship difficulties through out life (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990). Here is where our case study comes into play. The problems Sean is having at the day nursery (willful and aggressive behaviour) could very easily be derived from a lack of attachment at home. As evidenced in the preceding paragraphs, Attachment Theory is particularly applicable to â€Å"difficult† children, and there is a direct correlation between secure attachment and appropriate behaviour. This behaviour, in combination with the ability to act independently, is not evidenced by Sean, and, while there is not enough data to support it, could very well be applied to Sarah as well. After all, the reason the family was referred by the Health Visitor was out of concern for her. Furthermore, if Sean isn’t receiving the secure attachment he needs, then probably neither is Sarah. It is therefore safe to assume that the tension and chaos of the home environment is having a detrimental affect on Sean and Sarah, especially looking at it from a theoretical standpoint. And unfortu nately, while Sean at least has the opportunity to forge positive relationships at the day care centre, without the proper foundation at home, such relationships are not likely to succeed. Bringing an Attachment Theory standpoint to the attention of Dave and Jenny would be the first step in addressing these problems, followed by a comprehensive plan of action to redress the problems derived from a lack of secure attachment. Another theory that will be useful in assessing our case study is Community Development Theory. Since the late nineteenth century, the use of the term community has remained to some extent associated with the â€Å"hope and the wish of reviving once more the closer, warmer, more harmonious type of bonds between people vaguely attributed to past ages†(Hoggett, 1997). Before 1910 there was little social science literature concerning community, and it was really only in 1915 that the first clear definition emerged, which was coined by C. J. Galpin in relation to delineating rural communities in terms of the trade and service areas surrounding a central village (Harper and Dunham, 19). A number of competing definitions of community quickly followed. Some focused on community as a geographical area, some on a group of people living in a particular place, and others as an area of common life. Community development as a theory and practice centers on community work, organization and participation. As a child needs guidance to develop correctly, communities, too, need mature guidance from experts to ensure the proper developmental trajectory (Almond, 1970). Community development (or building) presents an image of â€Å"continual improvement and grassroots efforts, using a combination of mental and manual work, with a division of labor within the community, not between the community and the outsiders† (Cook, 1979). Community building implies a broad set of participants and a shared vision of what the community should be like in the future, looking at the whole and not just a few parts. When community residents are addressed in terms of what they can offer rather than what they need to receive, they become active participants in the process of change (Almond, 1970). While a community is made up of individuals, it is more than the sum of its individual parts. A healthy community is able to use the skills, knowledge and ability of all the people in it to take initiative and to adapt in the face of constant change (Morgan, 1942). It requires there to be relationships and communications both inside and outside of the community. There is a generally recognized set of characteristics distinguishing community development, which include: Focus on a unit called â€Å"community.† Conscious attempts to induce non-reversible structural change. Use of paid professionals/workers. Initiation by groups, agencies or institutions external to the community unit. Emphasize public participation. Participate for the purpose of self-help. Increase dependence on participatory democracy as the mode for community (public) decision-making. Use a holistic approach (Lotz, 69) There are many ways to define community. Each of the standard definitions may be sufficient in most situations, but here is a general operational definition: A community is a particular type of social system distinguished by the following characteristics: People involved in the system have a sense and recognition of the relationships and areas of common concerns with other members. The system has longevity, continuity and is expected to persist. Its operations depend considerably on voluntary cooperation, with a minimal use (or threat) of sanctions or coercion. It is multi-functional. The system is expected to produce many things and to be attuned to many dimensions of interactions. The system is complex, dynamic and sufficiently large that instrumental relationships predominate. Usually, there is a geographic element associated with its definition and basic boundaries (Christenson and Robinson, 1980). In the context of community development, development is a concept associated with improvement. It is a certain type of change in a positive direction. The nature and direction of development can only be made by people according to their own values, aspirations and expectations (Wade, 116). In the case of community systems, this must be a collective judgment. Since people are different in many ways, the chances of finding unanimity about what constitutes improvement are slight (Lotz, 71). Community development builds from this proposition (people are different). Each is distinguishable from all others, indicating that each has something unique about him or her. It also takes the position that each person probably has some bit of information or insight not available to anyone else. While it is impossible to collect and process â€Å"all the bits of intelligence embodied in the population, it is possible to collect and evaluate more of the diverse intelligence that does exist† (C ook, 1979). Community development theory involves certain assumptions about people and the community system. These include the following: People are diverse. Community systems can organize to take advantage of that diversity. Community systems are not totalitarian. People have life spaces outside of the community structure. Breadth of experience, intelligence, information and energies represented in a population far exceed that which the community system takes into account. People learn from participation in community systems and community systems learn from the participation of people. People are capable of exercising a considerable degree of autonomy, while exercising self-restraint required for social order. People have the capacity for a significant level of empathy with others that permits tolerance and voluntary relationships within the community systems. While people prefer justice and fairness in community systems, they often perceive it differently. Imperfections will mark every community system. A degree of inequity will exist in every community system. Resorting to absolutes is likely to stand in the way of finding practical accommodations within the community system. Working from the principle that everyone affected by a decision has a right to participate helps the community system locate areas of difficulty and expands the range of potential intelligence available to the system with which to address the situation (Wade, 118). As the situations faced by community systems become more complex and subject to change, there is need for more and greater variety of intelligence to govern the system (Christenson and Robinson, 1980). Members of the community have been, and are, an underused source of intelligence and information. â€Å"Open democratic processes give the system access to this reservoir. Participants learn and the system learns. Learning is the requirement for, and the product of, the community development process† (Botkins, Elmandjra and Malitza, 1979). And here is where this applies to our case study. Dave and Jenny are new to their community, and don’t know anyone. Therefore, they feel isolated. However, if they were more involved, either with those in their immediate environment, or with their greater surroundings, they would feel more welcome and more â€Å"part of a whole.† With more friends, and more of a sense of community and belonging, they would feel happier, which would no doubt affect their relationship and, subsequently, their relationship with their children. In addition (and more importantly), they would have an incredible resource at their disposal: the other members of their community. While the phrase â€Å"it takes a village† is perhaps something of a clichà ©, or something that belongs in rural Africa, it is entirely applicable to countless situations and in a modern context. The fact is, over time, the only way progress has been made is collectively. People, working together, pooling their resources, have been able to make extraordinary pr ogress, the kind which could not have been done alone. And on the surface, while this kind of progress, along with Community Development Theory itself, may seem to apply to big, societal projects like keeping the streets safe or the streets clean, it is relevant to families as well. Raising kids is hard work, and even with systems in place like day care, it is sometimes impossible to do so in ways that are healthy and productive. However, by utilizing one’s community, which is chock-full of â€Å"underused sources† (babysitters, teachers, tutors, social programs, civic organizations, churches, etc.), everyone can benefit. And in this case, the advantages for Dave, Jenny, Sean and Sarah are obvious. Issues of family, community poverty and violence are as old as recorded history. Millions of reports of child abuse and neglect are made each year, and these statistics and others reinforce the long held-concerns of the effects of poverty and stress on children’s development. However, the task of discovering familial and societal causes and consequences are enormously important not only scientifically but morally and practically. They are also among the most difficult types of social work. Both Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory, though vastly different in terms of their goals, applications and functions, are extremely useful in looking at ways to assist and comprehend Jenny and Dave and people like them. Whether at home through secure attachment, or outside the family unit via the community at large, help (and understanding) is at hand. Bibliography Ainsworth, Mary D.S. Object Relations, Dependency, and Attachment: A Theoretical Review of the Infant-Mother Relationship. Child Development, Vol. 40, 1969. Almond, G. A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics. The Politics of the Developing Areas. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Belsky, J. and Nezworski, T. (eds.). Clinical Implications of Attachment. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1988. Bornstein, Marc, and Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine. â€Å"Activities and Interactions of Mothers and Their Firstborn Infants in the First Six Months of Life: Covariation, Stability, Continuity, Correspondence, and Prediction.† Child Dev, 1206 (1990). Botkins, James W., Elmandjra, Mahdi and Malitza, Mircea. No Limits to Learning. New York: Pergamon Press, 1979. Bowlby, J. â€Å"Attachment and Loss: Retrospect and Prospect.† American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), October, 1982. Bowlby, J. A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York: Basic Books Inc., 1988. Caruso, D. A. â€Å"Attachment and Exploration in Infancy: Research and Applied Issues.† Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 1989. Cook, James B. â€Å"Advocacy of Grassroots Citizenship.† Journal of Community Development Society. Fall, 1975. Cook, James B. â€Å"Democracy and Rural Development.† University of Missouri-Columbia. Department of Community Development, June 1979. Christenson, James A., and Robinson, Jerry W., Jr. (eds.). Community Development in America. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1980. Harper, E. H. and Dunham, A. Community Organization in Action: Basic Literature and Critical Comments. New York: Association Press, 1959. Hoggett, P. Contested Communities. Experiences, Struggles, Policies. Bristol: Policy Press, 1997. Kopp, Clair B. â€Å"Trends and Directions in Studies of Developmental Risk.† In Threats to Optimal Development: Integrating Biological, Psychological, and Social Risk Factors. Nelson, Charles, (ed.). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994. Lotz, Jim. â€Å"Training in Community Development.† Community Development Journal, 1970. McKnight, John L. â€Å"Looking at Capacity, Not Deficiency.† In Revitalizing Our Cities. Lipsitz, Marc (ed.). New York: The Fund for an American Renaissance and the National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise, 1985. Morgan, Arthur E. The Small Community: Foundation of Democratic Life. New York: Harper and Bros., 1942. Rutter, M. Scientific Foundations of Developmental Psychiatry. London: Heineman, 1979. Schmidt, E. and Eldridge, A. â€Å"The Attachment Relationship and Child Maltreatment.† Infant Mental Health Journal, vol. 7. No. 4, Winter 1986. Sroufe, L.A. and Fleeson, J. â€Å"Attachment and the Construction of Relationships. In Relationships and Development. Hartup, W. and Rubin, Z. (eds.). Hillsdale: Earlbaum, 1986. Wade, Jerry. â€Å"Felt Needs and Anticipatory Needs: Reformulation of a Basic Community Development Principle.† Journal of the Community Development Society 20, 1989. Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J. and Albersheim, L. â€Å"Attachment Stability in Infancy and Early Adulthood: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 71, 2000. Weinfield, N., Sroufe, L. A. and Egeland, B. â€Å"Attachment from Infancy to Early Adulthood in a High Risk Sample: Continuity, Discontinuity, and their Correlates.† Child Development, 71, 2000.

Indigenous Living Standards Pre Post Invasion Sociology Essay

Indigenous Living Standards Pre Post Invasion Sociology Essay Introduction It is unquestionably assured that the health of all Indigenous peoples around the world, after the trauma of colonisation, has been significantly under threat to better maintain health. Before the arrival of European settlers, Indigenous peoples in both Australia and New Zealand had inhabited their countries for thousands of years. They had complex social systems, which they relied heavily upon, and highly developed traditions reflecting a deep connection with the land. Though, the effects of colonisation, has been apparent. These cultural aspects between person and land, has been somewhat degraded. Many aspects of culture are interrelated to each other, for example, not only does land provide basic necessities for Indigenous communities, which improves the status of health, due to access to native plants, however, it additionally provides connection between spirit ancestors, who provided land to future generations. The enduring grim nature of Indigenous health, especially in Australia, is substantively associated to the outcomes of mismanagement of governments, government health departments and Indigenous affairs ministers, both past and present. This notion is supported by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs in its 1979 Report on Aboriginal Health. The committee found that the low standard of health apparent in the majority of Aboriginal communities can be largely attributed to the unsatisfactory environmental conditions in which Aborigines live, to their low socio-economic status in the Australian community and to the failure of health authorities to give sufficient attention to the special health needs of aborigines and to take proper account of their social and cultural beliefs and practices (Osborne: 1982, p. 1). In comparison, Maoris similarly experienced consistent struggle facing health status. David Sheppards analysis within the New Zealand Environment Court in 2005 specified the overwhelming problems that were faced by Maoris during traditional times. These problems included the lengthy expeditions away from home to hunt food, dietary intake, clothing, shelter and degenerative diseases, such as stomach and intestinal tumours, associated to inadequate health services and facilities. Additionally, Sheppard indicates that skeletal studies on the Maoris did not conclude with positive readings that sort to find epidemics, chronic diseases such as tuberculosis, debilitating parasites, heart disease, [nor] cancer (Sheppard: 2005), which highlights the notion that health was satisfactory, compared with the present. This paper will examine the health problems faced by the Maori and Aboriginal peoples (including Torres Strait peoples), both in the past and present. Additionally explored are the fundamental differences between the two Indigenous peoples and how Maori peoples have progressed far better into the future regarding health status, compared with Aboriginal peoples as a result of the Treaty of Waitangi. Indigenous health in Australia Before the invasion It is merely impossible to realise the present status of Aboriginal heath without comprehending the historical perspectives. Marcia Andersons background paper on measuring the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, clarifies that it is evident that pre-contact, health care systems indisputably functioned with a social system based on three sets of inter-relationships (Anderson: 2006, p. 2), those were between people and the land; between people and creator beings; and between people. It is crucial to comprehend the hindrance of British contact onto the morale of Indigenous peoples in Australia. Though Aboriginal medical practices sought, and continue to seek, meaningful explanations for illness and to respond to the personal, family and community issues produced by [illnesses] (Anderson: 2006, p. 2), this signifies the notion that health matters were not impeded in any particular way, during the period of colonisation, however, other factors imposed by the British, inevitably degraded the Indigenous community, shortly after arrival, and into the future. Throughout and beyond the invasion The arrival of European settlers in the eighteenth century, led to a dramatic fall in the Indigenous population, witnessing less than seventy thousand Aboriginals in the 1930s, from a staggering number of Indigenous peoples estimating seven hundred and fifty thousand. This is comprehensible due to 150 years of exposure to white civilisation' (Borrie: 1975, p. 478), where Indigenous peoples were the victims of massacres, subject to health problems apparent through morbidity and mortality rates, hospitalisation and a considerable amount of disease infected cases which is associated to substance abuse and respiratory related problems relevant to their diet. It is unquestionably clear that these social and health problems experienced by Indigenous communities, are apparent through a number of matters, including introduced infectious diseases, frontier violence and the socio-economic devastation consequence on colonisation (Tilton: 2001). There were no particular health care systems in place to address the disruption that occurred to community wellbeing, due to altered relationships to the land, creator beings and other people. In fact, despite the oft-state intention to protect dispossessed Aboriginal peoples from further harm, suffering continued under various government systems which were established in different colonies, such as the Victorian Board for the Protection of Aborigines, which was established in 1860. The board founded a system of reserves across the colony and hand the authority to force Aboriginal people to move away from their homelands and onto the reserves, and to forcibly remove Aboriginal children. The concept shaped by non-Indigenous government representatives, attempted to control essentially every aspect of their lives including work and earnings, clothing diet, marriage and religion (Vickery: 2005). Furthermore, the level of Aboriginal ill-health will only be reduced if there are dramatic improvements in the physical environment, maximum participation by Aboriginals in all stages of planning and delivery of health care, and if Aboriginal peoples were given, as are all other Australians, the opportunity to choose the type of health care they consider best suits their personal needs. Governments have been under great pressure to deliver effective solutions to the withstanding issue of Indigenous health status, especially through the distribution of health reports, regarding the current position of Indigenous health. Though, the fundamental principle to consider is that the reports that are being released, have no particular impact on the influence of establishing a solution, but rather, the reports cast a shadow over many unresolved matters, for example, land ownership and education, because governments have tended to adopt ineffective and ethnocentric approaches to the Aboriginal health problem based on a lack of understanding and lack of data concerning the problem (Osborne: 1982, p. 2). The reports, however, sought to identity, classify, evaluate and inter-relate current Aboriginal health problems, and to additionally measure the performance of governments, government health departments and authorities in managing and overcoming these difficulties. This indeed establishes a positive footing on issues that are raised in each report, however, reports that are being preceded from the former, are intentionally disregarded. Indigenous affairs spokesperson Nigel Scullion emphasises his support in support of a need to focus on results rather than goals (Symons-Brown: 2011). In order to progress comfortably into the future, governments must be in a position to discuss the positives and negatives of proposals, without bias. Indigenous health in New Zealand Before the invasion Prior to colonisation in New Zealand, the overall health of Maori people was significantly better than [what] it is today (Levien: 2008, p. 18). Whilst life expectancy was considerably low by modern standards, Maori people did not live by current socio-economic standards that ruled their present society in New Zealand. James Cook also expressed his perspectives concerning the stature of Maori people, concluding that the Maori were a health race (Wright St Clair: 1974). Traditional Maori spiritual beliefs also contributed to the health of communities. Mason Durie describes the concepts of tapu and noa, with regard to these communities, and the protective influence this had on health. While tapu was a spiritual concept, it also had practical applications. Tapu, for example, ensured that the sick and dying were separated from the general population, reducing risk of contagion. It protected resources such as harvested food, the sea, nesting bird and water sources, preventing contamination, and preserving resources through conservation (Durie: 1998). It is not surprising therefore, that illness was a rare occurrence among pre-European Maori peoples. Mentioned earlier in the paper, infectious diseases were particularly rare. Geoffrey Rice believes that this is supposed due to both the relative scarcity of contagious disease prior to European settlement and to the careful management of community resources and populace by pre-European Maoris (Rice: 1992). Throughout and beyond the invasion Before European settlement, Maoris had been protected from many childhood illnesses, due to New Zealands geographical advantage over other countries. Alike Indigenous Australians, bacterial infections were not uncommon, however, viral diseases were new. Although, according to Sheppard, measles, mumps, and influenza were regarded in Europe as incidental afflictions, with no serious medical implications; they produced devastation to New Zealand (Sheppard: 2005). Correspondingly the remark made by Levien, had been supported by Sheppard, and suggests that Maori life expectancy [was significantly] short (Sheppard: 2005), where the majority of Maoris struggled to reach thirty years of age, rarely [living] past their fifties (Rice: 1992), due to deaths relating to natural causes (mentioned earlier). Statistics New Zealand conducted an investigation into Maori health in 2007, signifying that Maori life expectancy improved dramatically between 1955 and 2007. A new born Maori girl between 1955 and 1957 could be expected to live to the age of 59. In comparison, if that girl were born between 2005 and 2007, she would expect to live to the age of 75, due to the New Zealand federal government introducing the Primary Health Care Strategy in 2001, which improves Maori access to health, and those peoples with the greatest health needs will be among the first to be addressed by primary health organisations, reducing financial barriers, and most importantly prioritising the health of Maori peoples before other New Zealanders. Dissimilar to Indigenous Australia, the Maori people had formed a treaty with the British soon after the colonisation of New Zealand. It is evident that the Treaty of Waitangi, was the basis of the Northland District Health Board, where in 2001, the board recognised the rights of Maori to equality of health status. The history of colonisation and the current problems of poverty and rheumatic fever, contribute to further health issues. Though, nurses who are working in conjunction with Maori peoples are guided by the Treaty of Waitangi, in order to understand the particular needs relevant to Maori health, similar to any guideline. The benefits of the treaty have been apparent through statistics, both compared with the past and present. Conclusion The consequences of colonisation in Australia and New Zealand are apparent today. Native peoples of both countries have experienced the trauma of colonisation, and the social effects it has had on Indigenous communities. However, the health status of Maoris compared with Aboriginals is significant, merely because of a treaty. Indigenous health in Australia is gradually increasing; however, health statistics concluded throughout the twentieth century, compared with the twenty-first, are indistinguishable. In order to promote Indigenous health in Australia, governments must work cooperatively with Indigenous elders and communities, in order to achieve effective results.

Atmospheric Circulation And More :: essays research papers

The global energy balance and atmospheric motion mainly determine the circulation of the earth's atmosphere. There is a hierarchy of motion in atmospheric circulation. Each control can be broken down into smaller controlling factors. The global energy balance is an equal balance of short-wave radiation coming into the atmosphere and long-wave radiation going out of the atmosphere. This is called thermal equilibrium. The earth is at thermal equilibrium; however, there can have a surplus or deficit of energy in parts of the heat budget. If you have a net radiation surplus warm air will rise, and a net radiation deficit will make the air cool an fall. Air gets heated at the equator because of the inter tropical convergence zone and rises to the poles. There the air is cooled and it floats back down to the equator where the process is repeated. Another major contributing factor to the circulation of the air is due to the subtropical highs. These highs like the ITCZ migrate during the different seasons. The idealized belt model is a great representation of the general circulation of the atmosphere. The equatorial belt of variable winds and calms ranges from 5 degrees north to 5 degrees south. This wind belt is characterized by weak winds and low pressure from the inter tropical convergence zone. As you go further north or south you encounter the Hadley Cells. Hadley cell circulation is caused by the movement of high pressure from the latitudes at 5 to 30 degrees north and 5 to 30 degrees south to low pressure areas around the equator. The movement of air from high pressure to low pressure causes convergence. This convergence generates the production of wind. The winds that are produced from this are the trade winds. The winds blow from a northwest direction in the northern hemisphere, and in the southern hemisphere the winds blow from a southeast direction. The trade winds are the largest wind belt. The westerlies, they lie between 35 and 60 degrees north and south latitude. The wind blows from the west , thus their name. The westerlies are in the Ferrell cell. Cold air from the polar regions falls down and then is heated up and pushed upward with the westerlies. >From 65 to 90 degrees north and south lie the polar easterlies. It exists because of the pressure gradient that is created by the temperatures.

Importance of Symbolism and Setting in The Yellow Wallpaper

Importance of Symbolism and Setting in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   In the disturbing novel, The Yellow Wallpaper, the setting in which the action takes place is extremely important. The author uses setting to focus the reader’s attention into the story in a gradual manner. Also, the manipulation of setting allows the author to subtly introduce symbols in the text. These symbols represent Gilman’s view on the status of women in the patriarchal society of the nineteenth century. The story takes the form of a journal of the main character. Therefore, the reader’s view is limited to the impressions of a single character, Jane. Considering some background information on Gilman, one can easily draw the conclusion that the story is actually a reflection of personal experience. Gilman has suffered an extreme mental depression as the result of psychiatric treatments, prior to writing this short story. The author identifies herself with this character. Due to her poor health, Jane listens to the doctor’s advice and redirects the energy she formerly spent on worries to "air and exercise, and journeys"(Gilman 946). She continuously focuses her attention on the surrounding environment and she pays much attention to detail in her journal descriptions, accompanying these descriptions with personal impressions, most of the time; because of the subjective view, the reader assimilates these impressions as if they were his own. Setting is important for the char acter - she has come to this place in the hope that the surrounding environment will have a positive influence in her state of health. However, it is at least as important for the reader as well, because the reader is very closely bound to the character’s thoughts and impressions and a... ...he Jaundiced Eye: Foucauldian Panopticism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction. 31, (1994): 39-46. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York: Feminist Press, 1973. ------. The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1935. Golden, Catherine, ed. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on "The Yellow Wallpaper." New York: Feminist Press, 1992. ------. "The Writing of 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Double Palimpsest." Studies in American Fiction. 17 (1989): 193-201. Haney-Peritz, Janice. "Monumental Feminism and Literature's Ancestral House: Another Look at 'The Yellow Wallpaper'" Women's Studies. 12 (1986): 113-128. Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology. 36, (1990): 1-15. Importance of Symbolism and Setting in The Yellow Wallpaper Importance of Symbolism and Setting in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   In the disturbing novel, The Yellow Wallpaper, the setting in which the action takes place is extremely important. The author uses setting to focus the reader’s attention into the story in a gradual manner. Also, the manipulation of setting allows the author to subtly introduce symbols in the text. These symbols represent Gilman’s view on the status of women in the patriarchal society of the nineteenth century. The story takes the form of a journal of the main character. Therefore, the reader’s view is limited to the impressions of a single character, Jane. Considering some background information on Gilman, one can easily draw the conclusion that the story is actually a reflection of personal experience. Gilman has suffered an extreme mental depression as the result of psychiatric treatments, prior to writing this short story. The author identifies herself with this character. Due to her poor health, Jane listens to the doctor’s advice and redirects the energy she formerly spent on worries to "air and exercise, and journeys"(Gilman 946). She continuously focuses her attention on the surrounding environment and she pays much attention to detail in her journal descriptions, accompanying these descriptions with personal impressions, most of the time; because of the subjective view, the reader assimilates these impressions as if they were his own. Setting is important for the char acter - she has come to this place in the hope that the surrounding environment will have a positive influence in her state of health. However, it is at least as important for the reader as well, because the reader is very closely bound to the character’s thoughts and impressions and a... ...he Jaundiced Eye: Foucauldian Panopticism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction. 31, (1994): 39-46. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York: Feminist Press, 1973. ------. The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1935. Golden, Catherine, ed. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on "The Yellow Wallpaper." New York: Feminist Press, 1992. ------. "The Writing of 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Double Palimpsest." Studies in American Fiction. 17 (1989): 193-201. Haney-Peritz, Janice. "Monumental Feminism and Literature's Ancestral House: Another Look at 'The Yellow Wallpaper'" Women's Studies. 12 (1986): 113-128. Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology. 36, (1990): 1-15.

Design and Construction of The Titanic Essay -- essays research papers

11:35 p.m. the deadly iceberg was spotted. Margaret Brown was sitting is her bunk indulged in a book, when she was thrown across the room, off of her bed from the impact of the crash. The engine stopped at once but nothing dangerous had occurred, yet. At 12:00 a.m. there was serious flooding in the crew?s quarters. Many demanded lifesavers and there was much uproar. Putting on layers of clothing along with stuffing money into her pockets, Margaret Brown would be prepared. Margaret headed towards the lifeboats. Now the commotion was at an all time high. To keep the people calm, there was a band playing in the background. First class passengers had left money and jewels in the purser?s office, but it was locked due to the predicament. Some of the first class passengers threatened to sue the White Star Line because of the inconvenience. Margaret helped many people to their lifeboats and attempted to comfort some of the distressed passengers. The Titanic was almost submerged, Margaret he lped to load people and was seated on boat 6. Margaret remembers, ?Suddenly there was a rift in the water, the sea opened up and the surface foamed like giant arms that spread around the ship? (Landau 15). Suddenly the ocean liner Carpathia came to their rescue. Only about 31% of the passengers on the Titanic survived including the brave heroine, Margaret Brown. The doomed fates of the Titanic have motivated much discussion concerning why it was a disaster. The Titanic boasted unsinkable status and its demise will affect the way we build ships today and how we boast them. A passenger of the Titanic states, ?The design and construction skills of the yard were outstanding, and the captain E.J. Smith and workforce took great pride (Adams 10). The .. ...hers only felt a light bump. Titanic survivor Violet Jessop recalls, ?I lay lazily reflecting on many things, comfortable and drowsy. Crash! ? Then a low, rending, crunching, ripping sound, as Titanic shivered a trifle and the sound of her engines gently ceased? (Graham 126). In conclusion, the tremendous loss of life stirred a discussion to the cause of the failed sail. The 50,000-ton ship will be forever peaceful at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. The brave heroines of the Titanic, both alive and dead will be remembered. Cruise Line ships today have put in much more precaution concerning safety. Luxury was put before safety in the Titanic. Today, ships have many more lifeboats and they are careful of the weather. The Titanic unsinkable status may have caused an ironic demise to the sail. The failure will affect how we build ships today and how we boast them.

Horror Genre Essay

Film Genre Report Horror is considered an ancient art form, delivering thrills and telling stories of the dark and forbidden side of life and on the contrary, death. Horror’s most far back influences go to the year of 1235, where ideas of witchcraft took position in these ancient societies, it wasn’t until the seventeenth century these beliefs amongst society faded. By the 1400s artists begin producing paintings of a nightmarish impact, and illustrations and tales of supernatural forces begin publishing. Development continues throughout time and by 1800 ‘Wake Not the Dead,’ by Johann Ludwig Tiek becomes the first known English vampire story when it is translated from German. By 1910 the first Frankenstein movie is made, with Thomas Edison having much input, and as the expansion in technology continued we have seen the production of many horror films in our society today. The top 5 Horror films of the 21st Century include Jurassic Park, The Sixth Sense, Jaws, I Am Legend and Ghostbusters, with these films engrossing millions for their production. Horror films attempt to extract the emotions of fear, horror and terror from viewers. Their plots frequently involve themes of death, the supernatural or mental illness and include a central villain. When comparing old horror films to new films, it is evident that the films reflect the social, cultural and technological values of their time. When evaluating the 1963 film The Birds, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, there is much proof of how the values and attitudes of portrayed within the film may be seen as anachronistic in our contemporary society. The film shows social values such as the women in the film being in danger, typically known as a â€Å"damsel in distress. † The woman is unprotected and cannot fend for herself without the help of the strong, masculine man within the film. When comparing this to a new film such as the 1999 film, The Sixth Sense, directed by M. Night Shyamalan, the typical social ideas are abolished. The film does not carry the idea of a woman in distress, and explores deeper meaning with family values included, rather than the typical hero and villain initiative. Cultural values such as smoking are portrayed throughout the older film The Birds, as the main character frequently holds a cigarette in her hand. During the 1960s smoking was an accepted and encouraged habit, and cigarette brands were frequently sponsors of television shows. In current society, cigarettes are frowned upon and the only advertising to do with smoking are full-on campaigns demoting cigarettes, explaining the danger and risks associated with smoking, including cancer and heart disease. When considering the technological values between older and new films, the obvious factor is special effects. When viewing The Birds, the underdeveloped special effects in comparison to at the present are detected with the use of simple backgrounds and the mixture of real and mechanical birds. Alfred Hitchcock's most expensive film to date (at the time) featured a stylized sound track – composed from a constant interplay of natural sounds and computer-generated bird noises. Real birds and animatronic birds were used throughout the film; advanced rotoscoping (an animation technique in which animators trace over live-action film movement, frame by frame) and male/female traveling mattes were used in the 20-second scene of hundreds of birds flying over an aerial view of the town. A combination of real live-action footage with hand-drawn matte paintings, in the scene of the bird-attack at the school, special effects combined the shot of the schoolhouse in the background with kids running on a treadmill in the foreground. With the progression of technology in the late 20th century and 21st century, films such as The Sixth Sense have been able to use higher standards of special effects, enhancing the illusion of the ‘dead,’ effective camera angles and photorealistic characters. Horror movies generally have similar codes and conventions – including the symbolic, written, audio and technical codes. Symbolism is used within horror to portray an important idea. For example, within the film The Sixth Sense, the colour red is used to symbolise death and the colour red is seen often at moments in the film when death is significant. Written codes include anything written on the screen, this may be subtitles, letters etc. Audio codes within horror films are a major aspect of adding suspense. Without intense music, a horror film is nothing but a mixture of moving images and words with no suspense added. Music adds to the build up of a terrifying or horrific moment, leaving the viewers on the edge of their seats. Finally, technical codes are important in creation of the film and the supernatural characters associated with horror films. Technical codes also include the use of camera angles, which can help in adding suspense for the viewers. Camera shots such as extreme close ups and panning shots are effective in adding tension within horror films. Overall, with the comparison of the new film The Sixth Sense, and the older film The Birds, we can effectively interpret the difference in values and attitudes portrayed from these times, and how the use of codes and conventions have influenced the portrayal of these ideas.

Should the Chinese Government Ban the Internet Censorship?

Qing Yuan ESL114 Section G Ryan Salvador May 3, 2012 Should the Chinese government ban the internet censorship? Since the birth of internet, people have been bombarded with different kind of information every day. Internet is a network that connects the data of different private computer networks and organizational computer groups from people or organizations around the world (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). As a result, people are looking forward to having access to any kind of websites of their interest, and receiving the latest information about what is happening around their countries or around the world.However, things cannot be as perfect as expected. It is noticed by many people that many countries have set barriers to the internet in their own areas. China, which has the largest population of web users among the world, has created the most advanced surveillance system for internet monitoring (Rohde, 2011). The system is known as â€Å"Great Firewall†Ã¢â‚¬â€also called â €Å"the Golden Shield Project†, and is designed to sift out pornography and commercial frauds, but simultaneously blocks certain search terms for the government’s own purposes (McDonald, 2012).However, nobody is satisfied to be a frog in a well which can only perceive scenario above the wellhead but nothing beyond. So the internet censorship has provoked a fierce controversy in the society. Many people including some groups of experts argue for humans’ equal rights to know true and latest resources of information around them. The Chinese government should no longer conduct their censorship program because every person has the right and freedom to know what is going on around them.If the Chinese government insists on this project, people would be trapped in a vicious cycle because the continuity of information blocks would affect the next generation which doubles its effect on people’s ignorance and it would do nothing but fool its own people. First, in Ch ina, people’s words online are carefully inspected which means people do not have the freedom to say what they want, but rather only what are permitted by the Chinese government.According to a study by the Language Technologies Institute at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, more than 16 percent of all messages which are posted by web users in China are considered â€Å"unqualified† and get deleted (McDonald, 2012). The Chinese government explained to the media that the â€Å"Great Firewall† sifted out words or names that it evaluates as politically odorous. However, due to the matter of fact, it is not that reasonable, but rather private contains emotions of the government.For example, Sina Weibo, a most popular micro blogging site in China whose users surpassed 300 million, is required to inspect those bloggers whose have more than 100,000 followers (McDonald, 2012). If there are any posts that disobey the government’s rules must be deleted withi n five minutes. â€Å"295 terms with a high probability of being censored,† said the Carnegie Mellon team. So words like â€Å"Tibet†, â€Å"Dalai Lama†, â€Å"Ai Weiwei† (outspoken artist), â€Å"Liu Xiaobo† (imprisoned Nobel laureate), and even â€Å"Egypt†, â€Å"Jon Huntsman† (the former American ambassador), and â€Å"Playboy† (the magazine), etc. are banned (McDonald, 2012).As a result, some people have invented some subversive lexicons to refer to the words prohibited such as using â€Å"grass-mud horse† to replace a four-letter word of obscenity, using â€Å"river crab† to replace â€Å"harmony† which is also banned because it was used to refer to websites deletion by the government, and using phrase â€Å"Buying soy sauce† to indicate someone who is involved in scandals like embezzlement and bribery. The phrase â€Å"Buying soy sauce† came from the mouth of a government official who w as involved in a political scandal and wanted to show his innocence through the TV interview (McDonald, 2012).So if the government insists on such obvious and self-deceiving procedures, people would finally uncover the truth and thus lose trust in the government because many insightful people like who use VPN to â€Å"scale the wall (also a subversive word which means to browse foreign websites)† and have known some truth of some political issues or more people who are studying abroad where has no such internet-defending programs know the truth as well. Maybe this kind of methods worked before, but it would not work anymore as people are familiar and proficient in computer science.If the government stops their unacceptable programs right now, the status of the society will be much more stable, or the controversial would be more serious and finally trigger something unimaginable. Second, the Chinese government censors some websites which are considered vicious and unbeneficial to them, so they block websites just because they are not in government’s whitelist. In 2009, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology posted new regulations on domain management institutions and internet services providers because them want to have a deeper control over domain name registration (Hornby and Le, 2009).The Chinese government explained this is beneficial for an on-going anti-pornography program by creating a list of so called â€Å"whitelist. † However, this policy did not mention the treatment of overseas websites. In fact, foreign sites that have not registered could also be blocked such as Google's YouTube, Twitter, Flickr and Facebook. The reason is these sites are thought politically sensitive and containing unreasonable schemes by the Chinese government (Hornby and Le, 2009).However, as many web users who used VPN to get access to foreign websites have already known that the websites such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter are highly reco gnized in the U. S. Many popular stars like NBA players often update their newest progress in preparing for the play-off on Twitter, which is often referred to as a trustworthy resource by sports channels like ABC and ESPN. Also, YouTube is even a normal educational tool in some world-famous universities as its sources are updated frequently and carefully (Hornby and Le, 2009).Many of the videos like the videos on cultural diversities and new-born social phenomena etc. are authoritative. They are often in the forms of a real interview with famous experts in the places where the issues happened like the case of Trayvon Martin, people can find many videos on YouTube which are interviews hold by some sociologists. As a result, blocking websites that the Chinese government considered vicious is detrimental to people’s development in learning advanced thoughts and real educational resources from foreign countries some of which are recognized as much more better in high-level educa tion than that of China.If the government continues to do things arbitrarily like this, people would lose trust in their government because they do have the ability to consider what kind of information is true and what kind of information is of plot. In conclusion, the Chinese government should stop their internet censorship because it really affects people’s common lives both in freedom of communication and education. The importance of relieve the inspection on internet is obvious and necessary. If the Chinese government moderates the censorship, people can obtain easier access to foreign resources.As people’s educational levels are higher and higher along with the rapidly-developing status of China’s economy, people are getting more insightful in absorbing more advanced technologies and methods. For instance, teachers can use foreign websites such as YouTube which has huge amount of authoritative resources in college education. Many people have realized that s tudents in China’s colleges know little about realities about some big issues around the world and also have big obstacles in English skills which are not beneficial to students’ development.Also, if students get such progress in education, there will be more opportunities for them to get jobs abroad which can not only enhance Chinese people’s skills in international business but also relieve the pressure in competition for jobs. Finally, stopping the internet censorship helps the Chinese government to win people’s trust and is also educationally, economically beneficial to a large number of Chinese people. References: Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n. d. ). Internet. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/internet Hornby L. and Le, Y. 2009, December 22). China to require internet domain name registration. Retrieved from http://www. reuters. com/article/2009/12/22/us-china-internet-idUSTRE5BL19620091222 McDonald, M. (2012, March 13). Wat ch your language! (in china, they really do). New York Times. Retrieved from http://rendezvous. blogs. nytimes. com/2012/03/13/watch-your-language-and-in-china-they-do/? ref=internetcensorship Rohde, D. (2011, November 18). China’s newest export: Internet censorship. Retrieved from http://blogs. reuters. com/david-rohde/2011/11/17/chinas-newest-export-internet-censorship/

A mother is a jewel, but a grandmother is a blessing Essay

Having a grandmother in my live is the best thing I could ever ask, my grandmother Imelda was a second mother for me, she is my follow model, I learned many things by her side. My grandmother had three qualities; she was comprehensive, very positive and big lovely person. My grandmother was a comprehensive person, she always tried to get into other shoes to understand and never judge, what a learn about this quality she had, is that people sometimes judge when they did not know the reasons of the actions that people did, that always make problems and the way my grand-mother understand people make me realized that is always better not judge if you do not want you to be judge. Also if I did something wrong, she never punished me, for example, when I crush my truck my mother yelled and punished me, and my grandmother just told me that it was an accident and live goes on. She always had the better advices when something goes wrong. Second, she was a very positive person she loved to see the family together and never see them fight, for example when my uncles fight she always interpose and try to stop them and avoid more problems. When something went wrong she always tried to do her best and saw the good way of that, for example when my uncle was kidnaped, the family did not had hope but she always told us that he would come back early. She tried to did everything what was in her hands to help family and all the people. For instance, she helped my grand-father’s workers with presents and financial support to their families. Finally, she always was a lovely person in all the ways, she loved her husband, my grand-father, until the end of his life by being and support him the last year of his life with his disease and never leave my grand-father to give up. She always support her son’s and daughters in all the possible ways, for example, one day one of my uncles got broke and he did not had a place to live and my grandmother gave him the first floor of the house to live with his wife. She treated and loved her grand-son’s equal, all days she made breakfast and dinner for all the family that wanted to went to the house, she always loved to see the family together. A grand-mother is a second mother and I thank God for giving me that blessing in my life, also I thank God for my big family, the best family and all the good advices that my grand-mother leave me to go on in life and all the beautiful memories she left me. She is not here now, she passed away 4 months ago but I am so happy had her every single day of my live until her last day. That are the three qualities of my grand-mother that I admire and miss every day.

Us History Exam notes

An area in social life, Independent of government where Informed citizens can come together and discuss and Influence political action, a domain that used to be solely for political figures and upper society. What were the major components of the public sphere In colonial North America? The public sphere expanded with the raising of literacy rates and the view that participating in politics and reading was fashionable. Some of the influences were numerous coffee shops and pubs, lots of bookshops, Boston Newsletter, first continuously published newspaper.Which early American stands out for his contributions? Benjamin Franklin What were his three major contributions to the growth of the public sphere? Editing the Pennsylvania Gazette which was considered the best edited, founding the Junta, a forum for mutual Improvement and for discussion about politics, and the Library Company of Philadelphia which was the flirt establishment of circulating literature. What component of freedom was e ssential to the establishment and growth of the public sphere? Freedom of expression. Which famous libel trial demonstrated that this freedom was becoming ingrained in he popular imagination? 735 Publisher Zinger brought up on charge of libel against the governor, calling him corrupt, and after he showed evidence that the governor was corrupt he was found not guilty. This showed the public that the truth will always win. Columbian exchange- transatlantic flow of goods W > E – tomatoes, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, corn E > W – sugarcane, rice. Horses, pigs, sheep Black Legend- Based on Lass Cases' book shows image of Spain as uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer, gives other countries Justification to colonize, challenge Spain's old French and Dutch are what kind of empires?Commercial, looking for trading, gold and the Northwest passage England Is what kind of empire? Colonizing, Individual men looking for land, and through the possession of land, freedom and bring them back to the home country to make it wealthier, not focusing on colonization or trade Northwest Passage- Route to Asia through N America English colonization begins with Jamestown in 1607 by Virginia Company 5 Attributes to English Freedom: 1. King subject to rule of law (Magna Cart) 2. Security of persons and property 3. Habeas corpus- cannot be held indefinitely w/out charge 4.Right to face your accuser 5. Right to trial by Jury Mercantilism: There is always a winner and a loser in trade, best to be the person with money, exports should always exceed imports Virginia- tobacco in Chesapeake region, swampy Pennsylvania- Religious freedom for Quakers, no slavery Georgia- meant to be a refuge for the English poor, became large slave owning plantation state, rice and indigo Carolinas: Indigo and Rice Rhode Island and New Jersey- religious freedom Massachusetts- formed with original Plymouth colony.

Analysis of Unethical issue in Apple's business Case Study

Analysis of Unethical issue in Apple's business - Case Study Example Two major unethical cases were with Pingzhou Electronics and Foxconn that have hired underage persons. Apple terminated its contract with Pingzhou on learning that management was aware of underage persons on the company payroll. Such actions point out that Apple has a long-standing commitment to ensure that all parties in its supply chain work in a healthy environment and that they are adequately compensated for their services. In Apple’s supply responsibility progress report for 2013, the company has stated that it has over 200 suppliers it deals with directly, majority of whom produce software with a few large ones producing hardware (Apple Inc., 2013). The company has been hit with claims of dealing with suppliers hence it came up with an idea of independently auditing its suppliers. To reduce the many cases of litigation and bad publicity, Apple decided not to deal with suppliers who employ minors or those who underpay workers. Apple said that companies employ minors since the minors do not have bargaining power and are likely to take up any amount of salary. On the case of Pingzhou, Apple entered into a contract with them to manufacture a standard circuit board for its devices. The supply chain lasted for a long time despite a number of audits done by Apple based on claims of the company employing underage employees and paying far too little to its workers. In the year 2012, Apple joined Fair L abour Association, a body that audits and makes public unethical behavior among manufacturer. Apple auditors together with FLA ones went to Pingzhou and found out the company has seventy-four minors on its wage bill, working under deplorable conditions. The company did not make attempts to make their working conditions better or call for the minors to be sent away from working is a fair manner; instead, Apple terminated the contract, absolving itself from any wrong doing. On its hand, Pingzhou had to single-handedly pay terminal dues for the minors. Most of

Film An Inconvenient Truth Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film An Inconvenient Truth - Movie Review Example From the vivid description of Al Gore’s concept of global warming in this documentary shows that human beings are responsible of the severe effects of global warming and being responsible is the only way to achieve eco-stability. This article seeks to analyze the causes of global warming and its impact on the ecosystem as depicted in the movie â€Å"An inconvenient truth.† In the movie, Al Gore starts by creating the awareness that global warming is a reality that is already being experienced in the world today. As the documentary starts, visual images of the sun taken from different earth positions are shown and it is evident that the illumination of this light has intensified with time (Guggenheim). Also, he presents the data of carbon dioxide changes in the atmosphere and the changes in the temperatures of the globe. On this ground, Gore seems to believe that global warming is an active topic that must be tackled in the society to salvage the natural environment from the scourge of this disaster. The data presented by Gore is similar to the information that was tabulated by Booker (21) that shows the manifestation of global warming on the earth today in his effort to assert that this is threatening disaster. The correlation between the evidence presented by the two environmental activists show that global warming is a matter of concern in the society today. Next, the movie draws a connection between the activities of human beings and the problem of global warming that is being experienced in the society today. At this point Gore makes a reflection of grade-school experience when his teacher ridiculed a student who asked about the effects of continental drift in the society (Guggenheim). By pointing out that the teacher was ignorant, he asserts that the society, and more so the politicians, have ignored the reality of environmental pollution. He feels that the result of global warming is the cumulative effect every person’s irresponsibili ty in pollution and not necessarily the effects of large industries. This is similar to the argument of Booker that the environment should be protected from the people and not the vice versa (308). The minor activities of the society such as driving, waste disposal, chemical use, farming and damage of natural vegetation are the major causes of global warming. The idea of Gore is that human activities are responsible for global warming and that any effort to curb this disaster must start from individual responsibility. After developing the connection between global warming and human activities, Gore points out the severe effects of this scourge to the society. He explains that the trends in global warming promises more diseases, dry vegetation and reduce economic activities in the future of the world. At this point an image of the ‘Crimes of the Hot’ describes vividly the adverse effects that greenhouse effect would have on the environment. The image shows an earth that is completely burnt and captures the attention of the viewers to visualize how the earth would turn out to be if the disaster is not mitigated (Guggenheim). By making such an exaggeration, Gore seems to make a realistic threat to incite the people against global warming in the society. In reality, scholars have predicted a doomed global warmed earth under the mercies of the population proactive environmental rehabilitation. By

JetBlue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

JetBlue - Assignment Example Examples of wants in the company are comfortable seats and excellent service. Moreover, demands are above wants. They include things that human wants and have ability and potential of buying. Some of the demands in the company include more legroom and LCD entertainment at every seat. The three concepts have an implication to the company. First, the company has to ensure that the client meets all the needs. Secondly, the company has to take care of wants in order to be competitive in the market. Lastly, the company needs to have a variety of things demanded so that customer can have choices in choosing their demands. Although this is a small firm, it is clear that the company aims in satisfying the customer to the fullest. In fact, the level of satisfaction can be deciphered from their company slogan â€Å"Happy Jetting.† The company also has some of the products that are not available to other competitors. The company also hires employees and train them based on company values. Therefore, what is being exchanged in the company is value and satisfaction customer for profit generation in the company. The production concept best applies to JetBlue. This is because the company focus is on provision quality services in attraction of customers. The application of the concept is seen through provision of excellent customer services. The company creates various values for its customers. One is through offering comfort to its customers. Second, the other is through offering of good customer service. An excellent service is provided by hiring right employees and training them on company core

Performance management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance management - Case Study Example In PMP, an on-going process of communication is developed between the supervisor and the employee throughout the year in achieving the objectives of the organization. This view is shared by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management as a cycle of systematic process that involves its employees in the process in the improvement of organizational effectiveness in accomplishing its goals. This cycle shown at left, consists of planning the work and setting expectations; a continuous monitoring of performance; development of the capacity to perform; rating of performance periodically, and recognition thru reward of a good performance (U.S Office of Personnel Management, n.d.) In Colorado State, a Performance Management Program is a state-mandated program, wherein Colorado Boulder University is required to implement for its state-classified employees (Office of Labor Relations). Rees, 2011 said that in order to become a classified employee, Colorado system requires some standards such as one s hould be a resident of Colorado State, and must qualify in the standards set in the merit system. The Classified employees are part of the Colorado Classified Personnel System.The performance system of the Colorado State is done in three parts: the achievement pay, sound performance management pay and dispute resolutions (Rees, 2011).

CONTEMPORARY BRAND MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

CONTEMPORARY BRAND MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example The company’s brand portfolio comprises three major brands including: Adidas, Reebok and TaylorMade. Adidas market area includes sporting goods as well as the equipment industry. The chief segments of this industry include footwear for athletes, sports apparel, and also goods and equipment used for sporting. Other segments include equipment for: hunting, golf tennis, fishing, hiking, baseball, football, rollerblading, biking, snowboarding, surfing, skateboarding, skiing, and hockey, along with play scape and playground equipment. The company’s key competitors include Nike and PUMA. Others are Red tape, New Balance Bata, and Liberty. Athletes together with sports enthusiasts comprise the Adidas customers (Keller 2007, pp. 33). According to Kotler and Dubois (1991, pp. 23) a brand refers to a collection of mental links, held by a given consumer, and which add to the perceived worth of a service/product. These links should be strong, unique, and positive. Alternately, a pr oduct refers to anything which can be presented to a market for acquisition, attention, or consumption and which might fulfil a need or a want. The difference between a brand and a product is such that a brand is acknowledged with intangible values plus imagery, while a product is recognized with characteristics that are visible and very differentiating. Brand architecture strategy refers to the structure employed in organizing a company’s portfolio. It identifies the number and functions of brand names which the company utilises for its product range and also the target markets or target groups. Brand architectures are of various types including: product branding; house of brands; range branding; branded house; source branding; line branding; umbrella branding; endorsed branding and sub-brands. Adidas has adopted the branded house strategy. This is whereby, the brand shifts from being a leading driver to a more dominant one (John & Larry 1997, pp. 48). Brand positioning and its relevance to branding According to Aaker (1992, pp.22), brand positioning involves locating the brand in the intellect or minds of customers in order to exploit the potential profits to the business. Brand positioning is comprised of the following components: Product class or market. This refers to a collection of products/services and brands that are perceived as alternatives to fulfil some precise consumer need. Consumer segmentation. It describes consumer profiles that the brand will serve and what their needs are. Consumer segmentation can be accomplished in terms of geographical/physical location (i.e. region, urban/sub-urban, county size, seasons, climate, etc); demographic factors (i.e. age, education, sex, income, family size, religion, occupation, nationality and race); behavioural factors (i.e. loyalty status, benefits sought, purchase occasion, usage rate, user status, actual purchase and attitude to product) (Aaker 1992, pp.24). Perceptual mapping. This refers to a g raphic approach employed by marketers which tries to visually customer perceptions. It entails methods applied in the analysis and comprehension of how consumers perceive products. It includes the identification of product weaknesses; development and assessment of concepts; consumer perceptions’ tracking; and finally, unearthing group differences (Aaker 1992, pp.26). Brand benefits and attributes. The physical presence of a brand does not guarantee its position in mind of the target consumer. For the product to gain entry into that